which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct?

1-3 Although some particular anxiety disorders may show relatively weak associations with depressive disorders, clinical 4 and epidemiological 5,6 studies find that anxiety and depressive disorders rarely occur in pure forms. Even if many women are more emotional than are most men, not all are, and it is not right to judge any one woman as if she is. Contextual moderation of racial bias: The impact of social roles on controlled and automatically activated attitudes. 2 "I did a good job because the task was easy." View Bus311.docx from BUSI 311 at Liberty University. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(5), 659670. The presence of these outsiders might change the direction of social categorization entirely, leading both John and Sarah to think of themselves as students at their own college. Stereotyping and prejudice begin from social categorizationthe natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups. How can cognitive dissonance help to reduce unconsciously prejudiced or discriminatory behavior? a. modern sexism. c. racializing. On the other hand, we sometimes categorize others not because it seems to provide more information about them but because we may not have the time (or the motivation) to do anything more thorough. Race can be understood as a classification system that assigns individuals and groups to categories that are ranked or hierarchical. Group socialization and prejudice: The social transmission of intergroup attitudes and beliefs. Swim, J. K. (1994). b. having few billable hours Question 1 Which 3 statements regarding subaccounts are true? 2 A girl marries the boy next door. b. Mexico b. benevolent sexism. (2007). which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? Login; Register; Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. 1 A outgoing woman marries a reserved man. d) Secondary research is cheaper than primary research. a. Lawrence Bobo Gender stereotyping research that focused on the ethnicity of the target found that: c. victim. b. institutional racism. Which communicator would likely be the MOST persuasive? Stangor, C. (1995). In the next section we will consider two of these approachesthe bogus pipeline procedure and the Implicit Association Test (IAT). 2 It is deliberate and conscious. Alex is standing in line at Wal-Mart waiting to pay for his purchases. highly achievement-oriented, independent and ambitious. Why do you (or dont you) categorize? A. d. institutional racism. Ostrom, T. M., & Sedikides, C. (1992). "Female professor receives prestigious grant." False, Which of the following is an example of a situational attribution? a. unmarried women. Even 5-year-old children have learned cultural norms about the appropriate activities and behaviors for boys and girls and also have developed stereotypes about age, race, and physical attractiveness (Bigler & Liben, 2006). Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2003). b. 2 See answers Advertisement In these procedures, participants are asked to make a series of judgments about pictures or descriptions of social groups and then to answer questions as quickly as they can, but without making mistakes. Yaacov Trope and Eric Thompson (1997) found that individuals addressed fewer questions to members of categories about which they had strong stereotypes (as if they already knew what these people were like) and that the questions they did ask were likely to confirm the stereotypes they already had. b. unintelligent Psychological Science, 14(3), 287290. III. As of August 2011, the interest rate earned on oneyear U.S. Treasury bills was 0.11%0.11 \%0.11%. Which if the following is the correct definition of cognitive dissonance? A social psychologist who is within earshot jots down a note so she can use the example in class. 3 You dislike doing exercise but do it anyway to improve your health. b. Lines C and D were seen as the same length in the noncategorized condition, but line C was perceived as longer than line D when the lines were categorized into two groups. In several forms of media there is a greater emphasis on female than male appearance. (2011). Asymmetric search of individuating information about stereotyped group members. ", Which of the following language practices directly reflect the belief of male as normative? He has shared this information with his Because stereotypes and prejudice often operate out of our awareness, and also because people are frequently unwilling to admit that they hold them, social psychologists have developed methods for assessing them indirectly. True It has been argued that there is a kernel of truth in most stereotypes, and this seems to be the case. Guia de Estudio - Study Guide: Term 1 Test, Avancemos 2 Unidad 2 Leccin 2 (Vocabulario), John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Service Management: Operations, Strategy, and Information Technology, Applied Calculus for the Managerial, Life, and Social Sciences, Global Procurement and Strategic Sourcing (2), Measurements (e.g., weight, height, blood pressure). You can see that an interaction that began at individual level, as two individuals conversing, has now turned to the group level, in which John has begun to consider himself as a man, and Sarah has begun to consider herself as a woman. b. essentialism. The Integrity survey includes statements . Review the ways that stereotypes influence our behavior. Dwayne was recently diagnosed with terminal cancer. d. Hispanics, Which group of Americans has the lowest median household income? c. her lack of makeup and jewelry Thinking about others in terms of their group memberships is known as social categorizationthe natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups. A. social inequality which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? Stereotype threat and the intellectual performance of African Americans. Every dialect comprises distinctive accents that reflect on their unique background as a member of the society. d. Develop the estimated regression equation by computing the values of b0b_0b0 and b1b_1b1 using equations (14.6) and (14.7). d. a and c. Which is true of media portrayals of gays and lesbians? Because our stereotypes are activated spontaneously when we think about members of different social groups, it is possible to use reaction-time measures to assess this activation and thus to learn about peoples stereotypes and prejudices. c. Asian women The participants tended to agree about what traits were true of which groups, and this was true even for groups of which the respondents were likely to never have met a single member (Arabs and Russians). People naturally classify others into categories. The social psychologist John Bargh once described stereotypes as cognitive monsters because their activation was so powerful and because the activated beliefs had such insidious influences on social judgment (Bargh, 1999). communal-agentic distinction comprising stereotypes of adults. Steve believes that immigrants are more likely to be criminal than native-born Americans. Psychological Science, 16(3), 175179. Sarah feels quite the contraryarguing that women have been the targets of sexism for many, many years and even now do not have the same access to high-paying jobs that men do. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(2), 275287. 44; 22 When our stereotypes lead us to be believe that we are likely to perform poorly on a task, we experience a feeling of unease and status threat. Because they hold these beliefs, it is possiblealthough not guaranteedthat they may use them when responding to other people, creating a subtle and unconscious type of discrimination. 24; 12 b. African Americans Which statement is an accurate characterization of the concept of race? Rules Sara Baker, Ori Friedman, Alan M. Leslie (sbaker@ruccs.rutgers.edu) Cognitive development in the preschool years is characterized by diminishing impulsivity in thought and action. Which of the following statements concerning defined-contribution plans that integrate with Social Security is correct? Prejudice toward female leaders: Backlash effects and womens impression management dilemma. New York, NY: Guilford Press. d. Whites sometimes assume that the Asian American person they are speaking to is an immigrant. b. Public opinion. a. stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 689703. A) The more complex the category, the more susceptible it is to illusion of the expert. f(x)=x28x+20. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10(2), 109120. And John and Sarah may even change their opinions about each other, forgetting that they really like each other as individuals, because they are now responding more as group members with opposing views. The bogus pipeline procedure suggests that people may frequently mask their negative beliefs in publicpeople express more prejudice when they are in the bogus pipeline than they do when they are asked the same questions more directly. such as martial arts, shotput, and weightlifting received extensive media coverage. One difficulty in measuring stereotypes and prejudice is that people may not tell the truth about their beliefs. Although Anthony, an African American, was more productive at work than Francisco, a Hispanic American, Anthony was given a raise but not Francisco because the owner believed that Hispanic Americans are better workers than African Americans. \boldsymbol{x}_{\boldsymbol{i}} & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 \\ Explain why social traps do not benefit groups sharing the same interest. Scientists today dispute the theory that races have significant genetic differences. There are clear-cut physical differences between races. Other activities can be carried out by either physicians or paramedics. c) Secondary research is quicker than primary research. a. Stereotyping is problematic when the stereotypes we hold about a social group are inaccurate overall, and particularly when they do not apply to the individual who is being judged (Stangor, 1995). Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group differences. a. whites Some popular music lyrics contain explicit sexual references which often are degrading to A man cuts in front of the line and drops his items on the counter. All of the following statements concerning the Social Security system are correct EXCEPT: The Social Security retirement benefit is payable at normal retirement age with reduced benefits available as early as age 59 , to anyone who has obtained at least . 4 We tend to attribute our successes to our own efforts and our failures to the shortcomings of others. Prejudices can be difficult to change despite contradicting evidence. Furthermore, he argues that women are getting too many breaks in job hiring and that qualified men are the targets of discrimination. The following statements concerning the thalamus are correct EXCEPT: A. It turns out that John does not think there should be a womens studies program at the college, and he tells Sarah so. Im sure youve had this experience yourself, when you found yourself thinking or saying, Oh, them, theyre all the same!. Rising to the threat: Reducing stereotype threat by reframing the threat as a challenge. d. The Japanese families' assimilation into U.S. society accelerated after the war. Automatic category activation and social behaviour: The moderating role of prejudiced beliefs. 29. social facilitation Lippman, W. (1922). d. racialization. Battling doubt by avoiding practice: The effects of stereotype threat on self-handicapping in White athletes. (2007). Psychological defense in anticipation of anxiety: Eliminating the potential for anxiety eliminates the effect of mortality salience on worldview defense. Now, rather than perceiving themselves as members of two different groups (men versus women), John and Sarah might suddenly perceive themselves as members of the same social category (students at their college). c. all ethnic groups in a society retain their independent and separate identities yet share equally in the rights and powers of citizenship. In some cases, we categorize because doing so provides us with information about the characteristics of people who belong to certain social groups (Lee, Jussim, & McCauley, 1995). Immigrants in this example can be considered a Stone, J. d. 26 percent; 18 percent. Benefits include medical care costs and disability income. a. Race in the making: Cognition, culture and the childs construction of human kinds. At this point, we would probably not consider them to be acting as group members, but rather as two individuals. b. Melting pot c. as active, mature adults What term would be used to characterize her argument? What they have in common is that they are all forms of ________. Over the past half-century, the South has lost all gains in desegregation made since 1954the year of the ______ decision. At the last second, one of Reggie's teammates misses a shot that costs his team the game. c. projection. Which statement about Theodor Adorno's research would Adorno most agree with? It is the largest part of the diencephalon and serves as a relay station to all the main sensory tracts (except the olfactory pathways). a. Puerto Rico a. her "macho" style a. Furthermore, one half of the participants were told that when the presentation was over, they would be asked to remember which person had made which suggestion, whereas the other half of the participants were told merely to observe the interaction without attending to anything in particular. d. Multiculturalism. c. discrimination. The woman is the mother of a 2-year-old boy. (B) Policy dividends affect the cost of virtually all insurance policies issued today. Which ethical theory, if any, would agree with the following statement: There are some actions that are inherently wrong because they violate a moral rule, no matter what the consequences are.. Because they are so highly cognitively accessible, and because they seem so right, our stereotypes easily influence our judgments of and responses to those we have categorized. Judd, C. M., & Park, B. c. Authoritarianism reflects patterns of thought in general rather than a particular personality type. b. three-fourths of the girls received disparaging remarks about their athletic or sports Which of the following statements concerning workers' compensation is NOT correct? c. Mrs. Jane Collins-Sullivan Generics are statements such as "tigers are striped", "a duck lays eggs", "the dodo is extinct", and "ticks carry Lyme disease". Social categorization occurs when we think of someone as a man (versus a woman), an old person (versus a young person), a Black person (versus an Asian or White person), and so on (Allport, 1954/1979). d. Because it is easy to classify people, category-based stereotypes are always accurate. b. higher rates of known health risks c. Cubans British Journal of Social Psychology, 33(3), 331343. Is your behavior fair or unfair to the people you are categorizing? c. Segregation Dwayne Outline your answers clearly As you can see in Table 12.1 Name Confusions, the mistakes were such that the statements that had actually been made by a man were more frequently wrongly attributed to another man in the group than to another woman, and the statements actually made by a woman were more frequently attributed to other women in the group than to a man. Political Premier League . Sarah is a college admissions officer who does not hold prejudicial attitudes about Hispanic people. In these cases, your membership as a university student is simply more salient and important than it is every day, and you are more likely to categorize yourself accordingly. c. antimiscegenation Once we believe that men make better leaders than women, we tend to behave toward men in ways that makes it easier for them to lead. d. depiction of female communion and male agency, Currently, nearly equal numbers of females and males appear as central characters in: b. benevolent; hostile b. parents perceive newborn daughters as more delicate and weaker than newborn sons. b. c. TV commercials. Steele and Aronson argued that thinking about negative stereotypes that are relevant to a task that one is performing creates stereotype threatperformance decrements that are caused by the knowledge of cultural stereotypes. b) Secondary research is done after primary research. a. stress Stereotypes may influence our performance on important tasks through stereotype threat. 1 It occurs without conscious awareness. ______ is a socially constructed category based on the belief in fundamental human differences associated with physical characteristics and ancestry. d. Latin America or Asia. c. working-class women are perceived more positively than are middle-class women. As a result of successive potato famines that produced widespread starvation, 1.5 million people migrated to the United States from ______ in the nineteenth century and settled mostly in ______ areas. Stereotypes are the beliefs associated with social categories. a. Authoritarianism is not a characteristic of personality but reflects the values and norms of particular subcultures within the wider society. d. minority group. Social traps do not benefit groups sharing the same interest because two groups focused on fulfilling their own best interest without acknowledging the actions of the other group involved often leads to neither group benefiting. During the presentation, each member of the discussion group made a suggestion about how to advertise a college play. Pages 30. d. Latin America. In most aspects of his life, however, being Scottish American has no meaningful impact on his day-to-day life. External situations have no effect on one's personality characteristics. After the war, Japanese families joined many Chinese immigrants in segregated Chinatowns. This fits most closely with which of the following statements about racism? not support policies such as affirmative action that aim to overcome unequal treatment. B. B. Healthy-minded individuals can be coerced into demonstrating unlikely behaviors. Stereotypes are frequently expressed on TV, in movies, and in chat rooms and blogs, and we learn a lot of our beliefs from these sources. This statement best reflects: The preinduction physical examination given by the U.S. Army involves the following seven activities: These activities can be performed in any order, with two exceptions: Medical history must be taken first, and Exit medical evaluation is last. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(4), 645654. c. Cuba 2 pages. D. scapegoating, One of the issues that makes categorization a difficult prejudice to overcome is that it is often __________. A. 2 We rely on the first information we receive to make internal attributions. Both Middle Easterners and North Africans are nonwhite. relationships and domestic topics. Perceiving outgroup members as unresponsive: Implications for approach-related emotions, intentions, and behavior. a. German Americans The cluster of traits that includes being independent, ambitious, and achievement-oriented is, According to the text, in North American society _______ traits are more likely to be associated. c. In the 2000 Olympics, women who competed in sports involving power or physical contact c. hostile sexism. Revan was excited about working with a group of friends on the next science project. a. racialization. We experience more negative affect (particularly anxiety) when we are with members of other groups than we do when we are with people from our own groups, and we need to use more cognitive resources to control our behavior because of our anxiety about revealing our stereotypes or prejudices (Butz & Plant, 2006; Richeson & Shelton, 2003). Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudice inevitable? media coverage than women competing in more masculine team sports such as basketball or a. color blindness is a means of maintaining racial equality. In explaining racial inequality between Blacks and whites, gender disadvantages are more significant than racism. b. discrimination. Which of these four statements about self-report measures of attitude are correct? d. her unfeminine walk. A Immigrants are sometimes blamed for low wages. television. Try the IAT yourself, here: https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit. The statements were controlled so that across all the research participants, the statements made by the men and the women were of equal length and quality. On the affective side, stereotype threat creates stress as well as a variety of affective responses including anxiety (Schmader, Johns, & Forbes, 2008). b. white women Social Psychology Quarterly, 71(1), 1216. c. Both of the above Thinking about others in terms of their group memberships is known as social categorizationthe natural cognitive process by which we place individuals into social groups. c. Few whites benefit from white privilege. Experiencing prejudice can lead one to demonstrate behaviors that reinforce a stereotype. a. stereotyping. More than three-quarters of the nearly 59 million immigrants admitted to the United States since 1965 have been from Just as we categorize objects into different types, so we categorize people according to their social group memberships. b. Puerto Rican Americans This interaction best illustrates which of the following statements? According to Aristotle, an argument satisfies three conditions, and "is based on certain statements made in such a way as necessarily to cause the assertion of things other than those statements . Using our stereotypes to size up another person might simply make our life easier (Macrae, Bodenhausen, Milne, & Jetten, 1994). I codes "social" when the thrust of the datum dealt with relationships. which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? c. benevolent sexism. 1 point? Mexicans in cities like Los Angeles and San Antonio end up living in segregated, high-poverty communities in which institutions, such as schools, have inferior resources and foster low expectations of their students; this situation may facilitate the categorization of Mexicans as a race. a. Children of Japanese immigrants were unable to learn English, putting them at an educational disadvantage. b. Donald Trump expresses the kind of racism that is typical in contemporary American politics. a) Data classification and application categorization is the same. Reggie and his family are well off financially. In this case, social categorization would probably be useful because a police officer or a taxi driver might be particularly likely to know the layout of the city streets. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(8), 9961010. Similar effects occur when we categorize other people. d. Ireland; urban. b. portrayal of gender-based social roles a. the social categorization perspective. Immigrants in this example can be considered a One indirect approach to assessing prejudice is called the bogus pipeline procedure (Jones & Sigall, 1971). The point at which operating income is equal to $0. b. Black drivers are more than twice as likely as white drivers to be searched during a vehicle stop (even after controlling for variables such as the reason the car was stopped), but they are found in possession of contraband 26 percent less often than white drivers. (2004). d. all of the above. Macrae, C. N., Bodenhausen, G. V., Milne, A. d. often understand it as a compliment, since it is often meant as a compliment. None of these choices. Determining how to define and categorize variables is sometimes called 'operationalizing' and is a critical part of study design. d. Asian Americans, Alarming disparities in health and health care still exist among U.S. racial and ethnic groups. II I and II II and IV I, II, and III I, III, and IV 2 See answers Stereotyping others is simply unfair. b. modern sexism and benevolent sexism. 26 percent; 6 percent a. Which of the following was a consequence of the U.S. policy of forcing Japanese families into "relocation centers" during World War II? d. Loyalty e. All of the above are. c. serve to maintain the power imbalance between women and men. d. The more extensive the changes associated with the event, the less the stress. Consequences of automatic evaluation: Immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus. And this social categorization might lead them to become more aware of the positive characteristics of their college (the excellent basketball team, lovely campus, and intelligent students) in comparison with the characteristics of the other school. B. in-group bias d. Elijah Anderson. c. Donald Trump's presidency is seen as a new era of covert racism. doi: 10.1111/j.17519004.2010.00306.x. "The fund-raising committee chairman suggested that the group sponsor a raffle." On January 1, 2014, Everett Corporation had these stockholders equity accounts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(6), 10661079. movies, and theater c. spotlighting performance on cognitive tasks than does _____ sexism. b. essentialism. For example, if asked "how many . Shelley Taylor and her colleagues (Taylor, Fiske, Etcoff, & Ruderman, 1978) showed their research participants a slide and tape presentation of three male and three female college students who had supposedly participated in a discussion group. Jones, E. E., & Sigall, H. (1971). It can help in increasing cooperation among individuals because sharing a common goal often provides a core focus for the groups, generally taking focus off apparent differences. According to this approach, thinking about other people in terms of their social category memberships is a functional way of dealing with the worldthings are complicated, and we reduce complexity by relying on our stereotypes. New York, NY: Psychology Press. Stangor, C., & Duan, C. (1991). ), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. He developed a plan for how the group could most effectively share responsibilities. d. modern sexism. According to the U.S. Census, are people with origins in the Middle East and North Africa white? Price Waterhouse criticized her for all except: Introduction The Philippines has more than 111 dialects spoken, owing to the subdivisions of these basic regional and cultural groups. Richeson, J. Between 1915 and 1923, more than a million Armenians were killed by the Ottoman Turkish government. b. d. "The bachelor and spinster decided to share an apartment.