the pharaoh menkaure and his queen elements of art

In order to ensure the King's eternal resurrection, this sculpture is employed. From this temple come the famous statues of Menkaure with his Queen and Menkaure with several deities. In 1908, George Reisner found eight "triads" representing Pharaoh Menkaure, the goddess Hathor, and various provinces of Egypt. are holding those ankhs right at the noses, the breath of life Block (Wooden skirts and two top): 53.3 x 180 x 179.7 cm (21 x 70 7/8 x 70 3/4 in.) 1473-1458 B.C., assumed the titles and functions of king she was portrayed in royal male costumes. During the reign of the Fourth Dynasty Pharaoh Sneferu forty great ships sailed to the Syrian coast, where Egyptians felled trees and towed the logs back to Egypt. It must have been an incredible performance. When Reisner believed that the temple in the valley of Menkaure had already revealed all its secrets, on January 8, 1910 another complete sculptural group came to light: A representation of the pharaoh, wearing a nemes or royal handkerchief, accompanied by a woman who hugs him, possibly his wife, Queen Khamerernebty. George Reisner recovered a large amount of material from the Menkaure funerary complex. The southernmost is associated with Menkaure (Mykerinos, in Greek), the fifth king of the 4th Dynasty. It is carved out of a stone block and can be considered a high-relief sculpture. After Akhenaten's death (when religion went back to the way it had been before), did art revert back to the traditional styles too? Hence, his second son Shepseskaf became his successor to the throne, as per the Turin King List. It's so informal, compared He was considered the most righteous ruler of all. Only the name of one of his queens is known, Khamerernebty II, Menkaure's full sister and daughter of Khamerernebty I. holding another daughter on her lap, pointing back And this small stone plaque Traditionally, the rulers of Egypt were male. With time, the paint would have flaked away, revealing the black stone underneath and explicitly linking the deceased king with the Lord of the Underworld. . To study idealization further, we will explore the evolution of nude male sculptural forms in ancient Greece. Menkaure became famous for his pyramid tomb at Giza and his beautiful statue triads, showing the king and goddesses and his wife, Khamerernebty. His mother was Queen Khamerernebty I, as it was mentioned on a flint knife, discovered in his tomb. Not only is it a truly unique piece of work, but also it is a piece that is revolutionary for its time. There are also theories which say he may have been androgynous, a hermaphrodite, etc. The artists etching of the lions face and body, as well as the three, Standing at around four feet eight inches, the sculpture of Menkaure and His Queen is estimated to have been created between 2548 to 2530 BC. BETH HARRIS: Right. Most statuary was painted; even stones selected for the symbolism of their color were often painted. It is difficult to outsmart fate, but the ruler tried to do it. The ethereal beauty of the Egyptian statue "King Menkaure and queen" Exploring Art with Alessandro 1.71K subscribers Subscribe 64 Share 4.2K views 2 years ago Hi! Many societies indicated womens subordination to mens status through documents showing how women were not able to participate in government duties, not being allowed a proper education and the inequality between slave men and slave women., Hatshepsut was the fourth female pharaoh in Egyptian history, and was considered one of the greatest rulers, male or female, of her time. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. He also had a daughter who had a very uncomfortable relationship with her father. Menkaure And His Queen Analysis. A partial list includes: Nome triad, Hathor Mistress-of-the-Sycamore seated, and King and Hare-nome goddess standing, greywacke, in Boston Mus . Direct link to Polythene Pam's post Did his children try to c, Posted 10 years ago. House Altar depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti and Three of their Daughters, limestone, New Kingdom, Amarna period, 18th dynasty, c.1350 BCE (gyptisches Museum/Neues Museum, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin). Excavators first discovered the Kouros under the guidance of George Reisner (Harvard University - Museum of Fine Arts, Boston . Even on carved relief, many elements in a scene would be executed only in paint and not cut into the surface. (Figures 4.10, 4.11, and 4.12). The most basic point of style, perhaps, is type or category, whether a work is representational or abstract. Akhenaten himself. We know Greek sculptors began with ideas they gleaned from the Egyptian forms they knew but then altered them in some very significant ways that reflected their own distinctive culture. purely stylistic break. The Statue Ancient Egyptian Art King Menkaure and queen First of all they both face to the front as convention, but Menkaure's head is slightly unusually turned to his right. The messengers asked the goddess of world order: "The father and grandfather of the great Menkaure locked the temples, did not honor the gods, oppressed the people, and lived happily until a ripe old age. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. STEVEN ZUCKER: Look at There is a sense of the individual in both faces. This gesture shows how females are subordinate to males because they did not feel comfortable that their nation was being led by a female. Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\): Heads (detail), King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and queen, 2490-2472 B.C.E., greywacke, 142.2 x 57.1 x 55.2 cm (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston), photo: 1910 (The Giza Archives . He illustrates this image from the simplistic posture of the individual rather then elaborating on jewelry or clothes. Egyptian sculpture. STEVEN ZUCKER: In fact, we Apart from the main pyramid, this complexhasthree smaller pyramids, two of which were left incomplete for an unknown reason. On the other hand, the basalt sarcophagus could have belonged to Menkaure, but unfortunately, nobody had the opportunity to examine it. you can see hands at the ends of those rays, And so it's as if Aten is Image credit: Israel Antiquities Authority. the worship of the god Amun to a new god, a sun Akhenaten liked Nefertiti a lot, so she's almost as big. According to the historian Manetho, Menkaure succeeded a king called Bikheris. traditional religion. to the pantheon of gods that traditional Egyptian . Unlike his grandfather, Khufu, Menkaure had many statues and high reliefs that allowed us to see him. So let's take a look at some Sepulchral Chamber of Men-ka-ra. . Was The Worlds Oldest Surviving Garden Created By Ancestors Of The Katzie First Nation 3,800 Years Ago In British Columbia? He was the son and probably the successor of Khafre and, according to the Turin papyrus, reigned for 18 (or 28) years. Stories abound about the era in art and the push from abstraction to non-representation, with several artists claiming to have led the breakthrough. Carved circa 2532-2510 b.c.e., the Standing Sculpture of King Menkaure and Queen Kha-merer-nebu II is both a masterpiece of Egyptian sculpture and an illustration of the Egyptian conventions for representing a king and queen. She first served as co-ruler with her stepson Tuthmosis III, but later took power as a pharaoh herself. The first disaster that befell him was the death of his beloved daughter, who committed suicide, and then, the Oracle of Buto predicted that Menkaure would live for only six more years. Direct link to Greg Boyle dG dB's post No one is really sure. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Another younger brother, Sekhemkare, joined the royal court, after the death of Menkaure, probably due to his minor age during the reign of his elder brother. with one another and their relationship We still see a composite There is a softness throughout that is an absolute contrast to the traditions of Egyptian art. This little panel Here are all information to know about King Menkaure: 1. youngest one, on her shoulder, playing with her earring. According to tradition, Menkaure was a pious and just king. Beth Harris "Do you realise that "Akhenaten" does not mean "The Aten is Happy" ? this new god, Aten. Men standing in a high-ceilinged tomb chamber. Fragment of a sphinx of King Menkaure (Mycerinus). The Pharaoh never overcame his grief and guilt. By contrast, the image of an Egyptian state official, Ka-Aper, who was not of royal rank, was created with a different idea. What do you think prompted this pharoh to ditch the old gods and institute the new god Aten? As Pharaoh, she encouraged trade and sent a voyage to the land of Punt, sponsored a vast building project in Egypt, added to the temple of Amon at Karnak, and commissioned her famous mortuary temple, Deir el-Bahri, decorated with her most impressive achievements. Following rulers dismantled temples (which had been abandoned) and eventually there was an attempt to basically write any evidence of Atenism out of history. It was produced during the 4th dynasty of Old Kingdom Egypt during the reign of King Mycerinus for the purpose of housing the souls of both the king and his wife after their deaths. Cult statues of gods were made in gold and silvermaterials identified by myth as their skin and bonesand were often quite small. Menkaure was the eldest son of Pharaoh Khafre, the grandson of Khufu (Cheops), and ruled in the middle of the third millennium BC, from about 2490 to -2473, though the length of Menkaure's reign is uncertain. His wives were Queens Khamerernebty II and Rekhetre, while Shepseskaf was the successor to Menkaure and probably his son. tenderly, supporting her head, holding her under the thighs. The coating stones are smooth to a certain extent, and then, they are curved. These bones were later dated from the early Christian era and had no connection to Pharaonic times. Art was very important to the Egyptian culture. If we look at the Direct link to Quinn McLeish's post What do you think prompte, Posted 11 years ago. STEVEN ZUCKER: And in giving life to these two people, and these two people alone. They had a son together, Khunre, but he died early. Artisans excelled at puzzling together small, irregular pieces of wood and pegged them into place to create statuary, coffins, boxes, and furniture. The sculpture was carved out of slate and has also been known . episode in Egyptian history, but it also marks a White was often made from gypsum, black from carbon, reds and yellows from iron oxides, blue and green from azurite and malachite, and bright yellow (representing gold) from orpiment. Circumstances would suggest that she was only a consort-queen, and not the queen of the female line. One bore his successor, Shepseskaf, and the other bore him a daughter, Khentkawes, who would later mater . The figures of the Pharaoh Menkaure (r. c. 2530-c. 2510 BCE) and his Queen Khamerernebty are shown as being well proportioned, physically fit, and in young adulthood. There was a canon, or set of principles and norms, for the representation of royals that was very specific about just how they must look, including norms for the proportions of the different parts of the body to one another, their stance, and other details. Omissions? His inquiries soon bore fruit. Findspot: Egypt, Giza, Menkaura Valley Temple Medium/Technique Greywacke Dimensions Overall: 142.2 x 57.1 x 55.2 cm, 676.8 kg (56 x 22 1/2 x 21 3/4 in., 1492.1 lb.) Here Akhenaten says, no, And so he upsets the King Menkaura (Mycerinus) and queen Egyptian Old Kingdom, Dynasty 4, reign of Menkaura 2490-2472 B.C. notably in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, although many are unprovenanced. Excellence of craftsmanship is the hallmark of 18th-dynasty sculpture, in a revival of the best traditions of the Middle Kingdom. Menkaure had another son Sekhemre, as discovered from a statue at Menkaures pyramid. In comparison, if we examine the renditions by folk artist Edward Hicks (1780-1849, USA), we see cows that are much less rigorous in their resemblance, most likely the result of his not having had exacting training and practice in precise replication. So, again, true naturalism gave way to a notion of the perfect or idealized form. They represent the woman's position and the man's position at that day and age. supreme deity, the only deity. Direct link to DiCola's post If _Aten_ was a sun god, , Posted 10 years ago. by curvilinear forms. The entrance here begins about four meters above the ground, from where, however, the corridor descends to the base's level. It is made out of Graywacke, a type of stone. Aten is present, here holding his eldest daughter, and he's actually getting The first artist to use the term non- objective art, however, seems to have been Aleksandr Rodchenko (1890-1956, Russia), (Spatial Construction no. The sculpture was carved out of slate and has also been known as Menkaure and Khamerernebty. Figure of a Baboon Wearing a Feathered Hood, The Divine Guardian: Horus Protecting Pharaoh Nectanebo II. For instance, already in the Predynastic period we find figurines carved from lapis lazuia lustrous blue stone that originates in what is now Afghanistan and indicates the early presence of robust trade routes. take a close look. These images preserve traces of red paint on the kings skin indicating that, when completed and placed in his memorial temple near his pyramid, they would have appeared lifelike in coloration. Harder stones include quartzite, diorite, granite, and basalt. 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Thus, to the amazement of the archaeologists, magnificent sculptural groups emerged from the rubble: eight sculptures of Greywacke (a type of sandstone) each composed of three characters: The pharaoh with the white crown of Upper Egypt; the goddess Hathor, with her characteristic headdress with two horns and the sun disk, and the personification of a nome or province of ancient Egypt. Direct link to Yves's post The priests weren't real , Posted 10 years ago. Marc created a great many images of animals in nature that were metaphorical reflections of his views of mankind and the human spirit. The rest of the triads that were complete stayed in Egypt. More information on the materials used to make pigments, as well as a discussion of the symbolism of various colors may be found in the article Aspects of Color in Ancient Egypt at Egyptological. Temples were closed, and the Egyptians - both free citizens and slaves - worked day and night, building pyramids for their rulers. On the left, you have DISCOVERY The statue of the Pharaoh Menkaure (Mycerinus) and his Queen in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, carved out of slate and dating to 2548-2530 BCE, is an example of Old Kingdom 4th Dynasty royal sculpture. Representation, then, shows us some broad vision of what we see in the original, be it a person, landscape, interior, event, or such, with some level of detail. He had several brothers and some of them served as viziers in the royal court of Menkaure; as per the evidence, their names were Nebemakhet, Nikaure, Iunmin, and Nikaure. STEVEN ZUCKER: Akhenaten himself The two primary classes of relief are raised relief (where the figures stand up out from the surface) and sunk relief (where the figures are cut into and below the surface). King Menkaura (Mycerinus) and queen Egyptian Old Kingdom, Dynasty 4, reign of Menkaura 2490-2472 B.C. This soon gave way, however, to a canon of art for the refined form. What Does The Brain Of The Homo Erectus Fossil With The Lowest Cranial Capacity Tell About Evolution? And then we can see rays Menkaure: The pharaoh of the 4th dynasty of the Old Kingdom of Egypt, son of Khafre and grandson of Khufu. She is renowned for being strong and assertive, whilst also fair and just. At the eastern entrance, a hall with four columns flanked by rooms that looked like warehouses led to a large patio that gave access to the offering room, with six columns, and the sanctuary itself, next to which some rooms opened. Direct link to WallAvi's post Possible answers to your , Posted 10 years ago. Harder stones include quartzite, diorite, granite, and basalt. This article was most recently revised and updated by. The glaze coating could be almost any color, depending on the minerals used in the composition, although turquoise blue is the most common. This (apparently) "boring". It's not that the children actually were that size, it's just emphasizing that they are not as important or powerful as their parents. BETH HARRIS: exposed to us as possible, while the figures Direct link to drszucker's post Style quickly reverted to. The name of Menkaure was found written on scarabs dated to the 26th Dynasty, which may imply that he was worshiped in this period. The massive size of this statue leaves one wondering if women have always been just as powerful as men, if not more., | Barbara Hepworth Two Figures The sculpture similarity to the standing forms of King Menkaure and his Queen., When I visited the Brooklyn Museum, I got to see many different works of art. Though the artistic styles of ancient Egypt and early Roman art vary widely, the underlying symbolism remains the same. The surface would be smoothed with a layer of plaster and then painted. Menkaure (Mycerinus) and Khamerernebty(? don't think that there was. The Giza site would include a second pyramid built around 2530 BCE by Pharaoh Khafre, Khufu's son. BETH HARRIS: Right. Thus, the Germans were given the sector of the pyramid of Khafre; the Italians, part of the cemetery located to the north of the pyramid of Khafre, and the North Americans were lucky enough to have the entire funerary complex of Pharaoh Menkaure, the architect of the smallest pyramid of the three that stand in Giza. The Art of Ancient Egypt. It would have been an Art History 101 - Ancient to Medieval Handout 2. The statue shows Menkaure and his queen standing side by side, with Menkaure slightly taller than his queen. The extended line doesn't seem to have any significance of it's own. The subjects featured in the artwork are Pharaoh Menkaure and Queen Khamerernebty. STEVEN ZUCKER: That's true. The wooden mummy-shaped coffin reached the British Museum, but all efforts to locate the shipwreck and the lost basalt sarcophagus of Menkaure failed. However, the artists of both the statues are unknown., The sculptures' color is natural granodiorite. Menkaure was the fifth king in the line of the Fourth Dynasty, in the Old Kingdom of ancient Egypt. If so, why did it fail? The children are not as important, so they are much smaller. Why should a pious and kind Pharaoh die in six years? In 1902 an Egyptological summit was held on the terrace of the Mena House hotel in Cairo. Thank you. entire priesthood of Egypt by making him and his Another artist bearing investigation in this regard is Theo van Doesburg (1883- 1931, Netherlands), who used his own philosophical probing to frame a systematic path from naturalism in his renditions of the cow to an abstraction that is visually quite far removed from what most of us see in the phenomenal world. Why Was It Necessary For Great Physician Hippocrates To Eat Earwax? Direct link to Darcey Wunker's post It's one of many theories, Posted 10 years ago. Sensuously modeled with a beautifully proportioned body emphasized by a clinging garment, she articulates ideal mature feminine beauty. The author Nancy Luomala from the article "Matrilineal Reinterpretation of Some Egyptian Sacred Cows," contemplated on the ancient Egyptian power, and the matrimonial decline that men were able to acquire the position of Pharaoh. It was meant to distinguish The Turin King List and other historical evidence indicates that Menkaure was the son of Pharaoh Khafre and the grandson of the famous PharaohKhufu. When you go down to the detail level, especially the face and hands are prominent. They have carved the details out and worked with them to make them as smooth as possible. The figures depicted in the sculpture are Pharaoh Menkaure and, who is thought to be Queen Khamerernebty II. The pharaoh is always big. Egypt, the supreme ruler. Direct link to Qrious's post What is the significance , Posted 9 years ago. Menkaure (also Menkaura, Egyptian transliteration mn-k3w-R), was an ancient Egyptian king of the fourth dynasty during the Old Kingdom, who is well known under his Hellenized names Mykerinos (Greek: ) (by Herodotus) and Menkheres (Greek: ) (by Manetho).According to Manetho, he was the throne successor of king Bikheris, but according to archaeological . The figures depicted in the sculpture are Pharaoh Menkaure and, who is thought to be Queen Khamerernebty II. Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti and their In 1838, the ship sank off Spain's coast, and the coffin ended up on the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. King Senwosret III was a 12th Dynasty King that ruled from c. 1836-1818 BCE. Khufu and Khafra understood this, but Menkaure did not understand. That would make them pretty important - and so they're big in pictures. Figure 6. I remember seeing a program on television that said that Akhenaten was in fact "out of proportion" and that his pointy skull, narrow shoulders, and large waist, were a result of inbreeding which was a common practice amongst royal families. The shoulders are rounded and there is a long oval indentation that resembles a neckline for a dress. The statue of the Pharaoh Menkaure (Mycerinus) and his Queen in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, carved out of slate and dating to 2548-2530 BCE, is an example of Old Kingdom 4th Dynasty royal sculpture. sense of a couple and their relationship This unfinished artwork, found in the King's Temple, was hidden from view. If he had stopped doing good and would have become a cruel and unjust ruler, Maat might have canceled her sentence. Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\): Heads (detail), King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and queen, 2490-2472 B.C.E., greywacke, 142.2 x 57.1 x 55.2 cm (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston), photo: 1910 (The Giza Archives . King Unas (2465-2325 BC) ruled during the Fifth Dynasty, and his pyramid at Saqqara was once 141 feet (43m) tall, but it fell into decay after his death and later Egyptian kings removed and reused . (Figure 4.4) A Quaker minister, Hicks treated his painting at first as a supplemental avocation, then as his primary means of supporting his family. that we're looking at, this sunken relief God is present. ), graywacke, c. 2490-2472 BCE (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston). Menkaure was the eldest son of Pharaoh Khafre, the grandson of Khufu (Cheops), and ruled in the middle of the third millennium BC, from about 2490 to -2473, though the length of Menkaure's reign is uncertain. This grid helped the artists properly proportion the figures and lay out the scenes. Direct link to ducie1's post Beth Harris "Do you reali, Posted 3 years ago. changes his own name to Akhenaten, which As an effort to present her in unthreatening guise to make Egyptians feel more at ease, artists depicted Queen Hatshepsut as a male wearing the stylized beards that are traditionally associated with pharaohs. Two alabaster portraits of the king, four complete statues, and the triad. After hearing this prophecy, Pharaoh sent messengers to the oracle Maat. In the twentieth century, though, this approach took on different character in some instances, with a stated rejection of the art as related to the natural world and concerned instead with the art itself, to the processes by which it was made, and with the product as referring to these processes and artistic qualities rather than to some out- side phenomenon: the observed world. god, called Aten. This smooth black stone is connected with Osiris, resurrected god of the dead who was often shown with black or green skin referring to the fertile silt and lush vegetation of the Nile valley. Including a cylindrical body and legs. Rodchenko sought to affirm the independence of artistic process and the constructive approach to creating artworks that were self-referential, and he explored the possibilities in painting, drawing, photography, sculpture and graphic arts. Were All Egyptian Pharaohs Buried in Pyramids? he was known with differently named such as Mykerinos and Menkheres. her importance and the fact that they would Written by A. Sutherland - AncientPages.comSenior Staff Writer, Copyright AncientPages.comAll rights reserved. According to archeological evidence, he ascended the throne after the death of his father Khafre in 2530 B.C. The response might be quite visceral or intellectual, nonetheless. You can see that he's Direct link to edosan's post We don't really know the , Posted 10 years ago. These minerals were ground and then mixed with a plant or animal based glue to make a medium able to attach to the walls. Or one hip is facing us. He seems to be holding her very Mikyla Avila Art History February 27, 2023 Comparison Essay: In the Temple of the Menkaure Valley, a sculpture of the King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and queen, an Egyptian pharaoh and his wife, was found. There were numerous native stones used for statuary, including the ubiquitous soft limestone of the desert cliffs that line most of the Nile valley, as well as sandstone, calcite, and schist. This sculpture of King Menkaura and his wife, which is about 2/3 life size, was created between 2490 BCE and 2472 BCE. There is a sense of the individual in both faces. Menkaure's queen was a woman named Khamerernebty II. In ancient Egypt, hierarchy was glorified to signify the contribution and power they had. Source: Carme Mayans, National Geographic, Your email address will not be published. Perhaps, Menkaure did not have enough time to supervise construction works. Menkaure was the eldest son of Pharaoh Khafre, the grandson of Khufu (Cheops), and ruled in the middle of the third millennium BC, from about 2490 to -2473, though the length of Menkaure's reign is uncertain. Image source. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Menkaure-king-of-Egypt, The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Seated Statue of King Menkaure. Out of all the statues of Hatshepsut, the Large Kneeling Statue of Hatshepsut was kept in the best shape and caught a lot of attention from the people in the room. The pyramid of Menkaure had already been explored in 1834 by the British Richard Vyse, so Reisner focused on investigating other elements of the complex. Menkaure, also spelled Menkure, Greek Mykerinos, (flourished 26th century), fifth (according to some traditions, sixth) king of the 4th dynasty (c. 2575c. So as much of the body is They could be applied as a single plane, but were also layered to create subtle effects and additional colors, such as pink or gray. Herodotus mentions that he possessed his daughter against her will, and when she couldn't bear the shame of it anymore, she hanged herself. Such representations were more for a political statement, rather than a reflection of the way she actually looked. The statue seems to be in the same condition as when first created (although a little wear down but not notable pieces missing)., The technique the artist used to construct and design the item relied heavily on symmetry. Legal. On it was depicted relief decoration, namely the side of the royal palace and the complex of the Pyramid of Djoser in Saqqara. 12, Aleksandr Rodchenko: http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhtruct_jpg.html; Assembling for a Demonstration, Aleksandr Rodchenko: https://www.moma.org/collection/works/45090?locale=en) and its most active early theorist and writer was probably Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944, Russia, lived Germany and France). Also, a great series of slate triads were never finished. But the shoulders In 1902 an Egyptological "summit" was held on the terrace of the Mena House hotel in Cairo. After all, she spared Pharaoh Khufu, who tried to act contrary to fate. He also had a . He ordered that as night fell, candles were to be lit, and he continued to live by day and night, drinking and pursuing amusements. altar in someone's home, where they would have seen except for the rays that terminate right at the (Figure 4.9c) At that point, the beginning of the Classical period in Greece, sculptors captured the potential for naturalistic movement and the contrapposto or weight shift of the knees and hips that occurs when standing with one leg at ease or walking. for Akhenaten and Nefertiti. Direct link to S.D. It was a raw brick construction with a limestone foundation, which gave the impression of having been hastily finished, perhaps due to the unexpected death of the king. (the Old Kingdom), and the House Altar, which was produced in 1350 B.C.E.