life 2021 sap nat nature

)x"VzdHd&Ffb7kR KK i$M{;* af082!yvy!U"D)|Nei^*|C$Q,Ss$e*jX^/17E`i{dTS7EphB/jd- . Estimated change in e0 (c) and e65 (d) in 2021. We estimated reductions in e0 and e65 due to COVID-19, for each state and sex, from the difference between the 2020 period life table and the DT20 estimates (Supplementary Tables 3 and 4), between the 2019 period life table and the DT19 estimates for 2020 (Supplementary Tables 5 and 6) and between the 2019 period life table and the DT19 estimates for 2021 (Supplementary Table 11). axL5Bv\cH L(8@#lP&djen$kqbn7GwU$Kn~` d!B"mheQ%$HL3\0(Jqv\s. Also, demographic projections did not account for the pandemic context and might have overestimated population size. . Specifically, using a 2 or 3 step synthetic process, the sodium polyacrylate is converted into a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA), which has a significant global market (expected to be $13 billion by 2023) (https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/pressure-sensitive-adhesives-market). The synthetic polymer community created these impactful materials, and now, we must turn our attention towards technologies that facilitate their collection and recycling, to create a circular economy that is more sustainable7. Science 360, 2829 (2018). Process Saf. In Amazonas, male e65 was estimated to decline by 20% from 2019 to 2020. 21, 12181230 (2016). J. Strong business development professional with a PhD focused in Teaching Engineering with Games from Universidade de So Paulo. Il 13 luglio stato aperto il primo invito a presentare proposte nell'ambito del nuovo programma LIFE 2021-202 7, che comprende quattro sottoprogrammi: natura e biodiversit, economia circolare e qualit della vita, Preparation of pressure sensitive adhesives from post-consumer superabsorbent polymers. That is, the PSAs are soft enough to flow and wet a substrate at the bonding frequency, while hard enough to hold onto a substrate, and peel cleanly at the debonding frequency. Sustainable polycarbonate adhesives for dry and aqueous conditions with thermoresponsive properties, Recent advances in biodegradable polymers for sustainable applications, Hydroplastic polymers as eco-friendly hydrosetting plastics, Moisture outgassing from siloxane elastomers containing surface-treated-silica fillers, End-of-life upcycling of polyurethanes using a room temperature, mechanism-based degradation, Recyclable thermoset hyperbranched polymers containing reversible hexahydro-s-triazine, Water-processable, biodegradable and coatable aquaplastic from engineered biofilms, Packaging materials with desired mechanical and barrier properties and full chemical recyclability, https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/pressure-sensitive-adhesives-market, https://www.statista.com/statistics/282732/global-production-of-plastics-since-1950, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-11/documents/2017_facts_and_figures_fact_sheet_final.pdf, https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics-catalysing-action, https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/super-absorbent-polymer-market, https://www.petrochemistry.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/150727_EBAM-Eco-profile-Acrylic-Monomers-1.pdf, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Closed-loop chemical recycling of cross-linked polymeric materials based on reversible amidation chemistry, Functional Acrylate Polymer Synthesis: Postpolymerization Modification Approach. Liang, L. et al. Res. Percentage loss due to COVID-19 mortality relative to increases in female and male e0 (a) and e65 (b) between 2000 and 2020 by state. and S.K. Andrasfay, T. & Goldman, N. Reductions in 2020 US life expectancy due to COVID-19 and the disproportionate impact on the Black and Latino populations. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. https://blogdoibre.fgv.br/posts/auxilio-emergencial-faz-pobreza-cair-em-plena-pandemia (2020). Polym. Fagnani, D. E. et al. Report 19: the potential impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on HIV, TB and malaria in low- and middle-income countries. In the first 4 months of 2021, COVID-19 deaths represented 107% of the total 2020 figures. B 121, 36263635 (2017). and S.K. Commission has launched on 17 May 2022 the LIFE Programme Calls for proposals. served as a sounding board throughout the project. Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. The data required to reproduce the results presented in this paper are available at https://github.com/mcastrolab/Brazil-Covid19-e0-change/tree/main/data. Thus, we estimated total deaths in 2021, inclusive of COVID-19 deaths, as \({\,}_nD_x = ({\,}_nK_x - \,_nD_x^{COV})({\,}_n^ \ast M_x) + \,_nD_x^{COV}\), where \({\,}_nD_x\) is the number of deaths estimated to occur in 2021 in the age range x to x + n; \({\,}_nK_x\) is the population at risk in the age range x to x + n; \({\,}_n^ \ast M_x\) are age-specific mortality rates in the absence of COVID-19 (assumed to be 2019 mortality rates); and \({\,}_nD_x^{COV}\) is the number of confirmed COVID-19 deaths. In late April 2021, a parliamentary commission of inquiry was launched to investigate the governments handling of the pandemic response41. Via Vitaliano Brancati, 48 - 00144 Roma (I) As high life expectancies are predominantly in the South region and the lowest are in the North, these results suggest that COVID-19 mortality reproduced regional inequalities, reflecting the pandemics disproportionate burden among vulnerable groups5 but also spatial patterns of COVID-19 spread18. CAS Assists in troubleshooting SAP transactions; provide support to operations and maintenance. We abstracted death data on 18 May 2021, for all states, as reported through 30 April 2021 (n=209,458 confirmed COVID-19 deaths). Projects focussing exclusively on governance are excluded from this Call topic and covered by the related Call topic LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV. et al. On. Acc. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. xCv+}jE`MGA-k8E5YYM In contrast, a common approach used in industry to convert acrylic acid into acrylate esters uses inexpensive alcohols as both the reagent and solvent39,40. Moriguchi, T. & Arita, Y. The SAP SF and Payroll Rollout initiative is a strategic technology that will reinvent the HR function in the implementing markets This initiative will establish an integrated HR platform that. Chem. IBGE. We made the assumption of proportionality between forces of decrement from cause i (or all causes except i) and the force of decrement from all other causes combined8,45. Lancet 396, 365366 (2020). The G at each frequency describes an adhesives ability to dissipate energy. In both cases, the nonamers were solvated in a 3:1 butanol/water mixture to mimic the most challenging esterification conditions. Sonication has previously been used to chain-shorten high-molar mass polymers with various backbone architectures31,32, including polyacrylic acid33, and has been used at scale34. Several routes for converting the polyacrylic acid into a polyacrylate were compared. D.I.C., M.I.J., and E.N.G.M. . {o"yQr8"2ioFq[V Noymer, A. All environmental data were gathered from experiments, literature, or the ecoinvent database (version 3.5)51, and implemented in SimaPro v. 9.0.0.4850, as described in detail within the Supporting Information (Supplementary Information pgs S36S41). 1a, Supplementary Table 1 and Methods), with a larger drop for males (1.57 years) than females (0.95 years). In 15 states (including the entire Southeast region), this loss was higher among males (Fig. Brazils unified health system: the first 30 years and prospects for the future. For e65, the decline in 2021 was estimated at 1.05 years for both sexes (Fig. Mater. USA 118, e2019536118 (2021). Lancet 396, 367368 (2020). For both DT20 and DT19, after estimating the ratio of non-COVID-19 deaths to all-cause deaths, we then used this ratio to estimate the counterfactual life tables in which COVID-19 was eliminated and COVID-19 was included, respectively. First, as our main specification, we constructed period life tables that considered deaths by state, sex and age group. We created data visualizations in R, ArcMap version 10.8 (ESRI) and Adobe Illustrator CS6. Recycling methods that utilize these waste polymers could attenuate their environmental impact. Created a powerful network of specialist vendors Key qualities and experiences: Project delivery of complicated, multi stream, long-term projects from inception to BAU Business process optimization. Rev. Excess mortality in Brazil: a detailed description of trends in mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. PubMed Central Super absorbent polymer recycling to pressure sensitive adhesives. The reduction in life expectancy at age 65 (e65) in 2020 was 0.9 years, setting Brazil back to 2012 levels. Technical Assistance Projects (all subprogrammes): 22 September (5 p.m.). endobj Among males, two states, Amazonas and Par, both in the North region, lost all that was gained over 2 decades (Fig. Missed childhood immunizations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: analyses of routine statistics and of a national household survey. % https://doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2020.12.002 (2021). Both methods resulted in larger estimates of life expectancy decline compared to the difference between 2019 and 2020 period life tables (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2): for example, for Brazil (both sexes), the decline in e0 was estimated at 1.92 years (DT20) and 1.67 years (DT19) versus 1.31 years (difference between 2019 and 2020 life tables). Adv. Unfortunately, most used diapers sit in landfills without substantial biodegradation, or are incinerated. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Glacial acrylic acid (GAA), methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), n-butyl acrylate (BA) and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA). & Brooks, C. L. Adaptive landscape flattening accelerates sampling of alchemical space in multisite dynamics. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Peer review information Nature Medicine thanks Pedro Hallal, Usama Bilal and Vladimir Canudas Romo for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Chem. 5)49,50. Caruso, M. M. et al. Barbosa, R. J., Souza, P. H. G. F. & Soares, S. S. D. Distribuio de Renda nos Anos 2010: uma dcada perdida para desigualdade e pobreza. and M.T.R. Blackwhite risk differentials in COVID-19 (SARS-COV2) transmission, mortality and case fatality in the United States: translational epidemiologic perspective and challenges. 1, 46 (2017). Chem. Upgrading of postconsumer absorbent hygiene products for bioethanol production. Carvalho, C. A., Viola, P. C. A. F. & Sperandio, N. How is Brazil facing the crisis of food and nutrition security during the COVID-19 pandemic? Chem. Our mission was, and remains, to change the way energy is made and used in. LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT Nature & Biodiversity - Standard Action Projects (SAP) LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Nature Governance 19 , 2021 3 0 obj 123, 116129 (2019). The global annual production of this class of materials is estimated to be over 2 million metric tons, with disposable diapers claiming 74% of the market13. 28, 434439 (2003). To access more than one type of pressure-sensitive adhesive, we needed a method to shorten the linear polymers obtained after the decrosslinking step. Records with ill-defined, unspecified or unattended deaths (codes R99 and R98) in 2020 were treated as non-COVID-19 deaths (4.9% (75,484/1,541,556)). PubMed Central EXPERIENCE 15 years of experience in Shared Services, BPO, Finance, Business and Investment. LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV - Nature Governance LIFE-2021-CET-LOCAL - Technical support to clean energy transition plans and strategies in municipalities and regions LIFE-2021-CET-PDA - Disruptive PDA - Technical Assistance to advance market boundaries for sustainable energy investments Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, P. Takunda Chazovachii,Michael T. Robo,E. Neil G. Marsh,Paul M. Zimmerman&Anne J. McNeil, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Materials Science InnovationCorporate R&D, The Procter & Gamble Co., West Chester, OH, USA, Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, You can also search for this author in The G at each frequency describes an adhesives resistance to shear, and this term generally increases in samples with more chain entanglements (e.g., with increasing Mw). Semin. However, this approach can lead to low yields due to competitive ester hydrolysis41,42 and catalyst deactivation by water43. . We surmise that the estimates derived from the decrement life table techniques (DT19 and DT20) are higher than those reported in the text because of additional biases related to violation of the assumption of independence between COVID-19 and other causes and misdiagnosis of cause of death. & Pimenta, D. N. Community health workers reveal COVID-19 disaster in Brazil. For 2019 and 2020, our estimates include deaths from all causes registered in the Mortality Information System. Cancer diagnosis in Brazil in the COVID-19 era. Demography 43, 647657 (2006). 3a). First, we estimate that COVID-19 deaths in the first 4 months of 2021 have already reduced e0 by 1.8 years, and the ultimate effect on 2021 e0 will be even greater. State acronyms by region: North: AC=Acre, AP=Amap, AM=Amazonas, PA=Par, RO=Rondnia, RR=Roraima and TO=Tocantins; Northeast: AL=Alagoas, BA=Bahia, CE=Cear, MA=Maranho, PB=Paraba, PE=Pernambuco, PI=Piau, RN=Rio Grande do Norte and SE=Sergipe; Center-West: DF=Distrito Federal, GO=Gois, MT=Mato Grosso and MS=Mato Grosso do Sul; Southeast: ES=Esprito Santo, MG=Minas Gerais, RJ=Rio de Janeiro and SP=So Paulo; South: PR=Paran, RS=Rio Grande do Sul and SC=Santa Catarina. Khoo, S. C. et al. ANDS is a $120M federally funded national infrastructure innovation project to exploit Australia's research data advantage. U.S. Patent 2,917,538 (December 15, 1959). Boletim Extraordinrio do Observatrio Covid-19 Fiocruz. projects in line with the objectives of the LIFE Nature and Biodiversity sub-programme but defined in the Call topic LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE are excluded. http://www.genomahcov.fiocruz.br/tabela-de-dados/ (2021). Barone, M. T. U. et al. The authors declare no competing financial interests. To calculate person-years for 2020, we first interpolated population projections, assuming exponential growth by age, sex and state, for the first day of each month in 2020. Holmes, L. et al. Changes in e0 can reflect differences in expected longevity between two periods, such as before versus during a pandemic. endobj To probe the role of both solvent and substrate hydrophobicity, we used two different substrates (acetic versus undecanoic acid) and solvents (ethanol versus 2-ethylhexanol). Giving superabsorbent polymers a second life as pressure-sensitive adhesives. ^c2/rML[,[gs] Trans. Lancet Respir. The superabsorbent polymer provided by P&G is a sodium poly(acrylate) crosslinked via ~0.05mol% poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate co-monomer (PAAP&G)30. Prod. Sci. Future Market Insights (FMI). Formal training in customer service with. The potential of superabsorbent polymers from diaper wastes to enhance water retention properties of the soil. When closed-loop processes are unavailable, an alternative, known as open-loop chemical recycling can be utilized. Jul 13, 2021 Nature Governance ID:LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-GOV Type of action: [object Object] Objective: To contribute to the protection of nature and biodiversityby: Supporting nature and biodiversity policy and legislation compliance assurance, and/or To date, most diaper recycling efforts14 have focused on the cellulosic components, which can be biodegraded, incinerated to generate steam, pyrolyzed, or fermented to generate bioethanol15. 4). Second, in contrast to DT19 and DT20, the method based on the difference in life expectancy between 2019 and 2020 makes no assumption about independence of causes of death (that is, that the risks of dying from other causes are unaffected by the addition or elimination of COVID-19 mortality), an assumption that was almost certainly violated during the pandemic. Chem. Globally, there have been significant efforts towards recycling the components of diapers28. ISSN 1546-170X (online) Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R. & Law, K. L. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. These results suggest that the substrate hydrophobicity also favors conversion to the ester. 2 0 obj Fundao Oswaldo Cruz. are supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant no. Dev. J. Polym. To obtain First, we obtained mid-year population projections for 20182020 and abridged life tables estimated for 20002020 by state, age and sex from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatstica, or IBGE, in Portuguese) (https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/social/population/18176-population-projection.html). An estimated 6.3 billion metric tons of post-consumer polymer waste has been produced, with the majority (79%) in landfills or the environment. Sci. Bars, organized by major regions, show changes for the states. Rev. https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/super-absorbent-polymer-market (20152020). Labels above bars indicate the states with extreme (high and low) life expectancies in 2019 and 2020. VIGISAN. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003). For example, the 1918 influenza pandemic was estimated to have reduced e0 in the United States by 712 years7. Lpine, L. & Gilbert, R. Thermal degradation of polyacrylic acid in dilute aqueous solution. 44, 11491154 (1979). GetScriptingEngine End If If Not IsObject (connection) Then Set connection = application. CAS Of the gains achieved in e0 in Brazil over 2 decades, 19% were lost due to COVID-19 (Supplementary Table 8). We applied standard life table relationships to complete these counterfactual life tables44. State acronyms by region: North: AC=Acre, AP=Amap, AM=Amazonas, PA=Par, RO=Rondnia, RR=Roraima and TO=Tocantins; Northeast: AL=Alagoas, BA=Bahia, CE=Cear, MA=Maranho, PB=Paraba, PE=Pernambuco, PI=Piau, RN=Rio Grande do Norte and SE=Sergipe; Center-West: DF=Distrito Federal, GO=Gois, MT=Mato Grosso and MS=Mato Grosso do Sul; Southeast: ES=Esprito Santo, MG=Minas Gerais, RJ=Rio de Janeiro and SP=So Paulo; South: PR=Paran, RS=Rio Grande do Sul and SC=Santa Catarina. 916 (Springer International Publishing AG, 2018). For all intervals except ages 01, 15 and 90+, the interval length n is 5 years wide. Mechanical recycling is not feasible because the crosslinks prevent melting. volume27,pages 16291635 (2021)Cite this article. Among the states, Amazonas, Rondnia, Roraima and Mato Grosso had the largest declines in e0 in both 2020 and 2021 (Fig. Sonicating 2.5% and 5.0% w/v solutions of decrosslinked PAAP&G for 010min using a 20kHz sonication horn operating at full amplitude (100%) revealed rapid chain-shortening for the decrosslinked PAAP&G (Fig. Self-wetting adhesive composition. Death rates from non-COVID-19 causes in 2020 likely changed between 2019 and 2020, decreasing for some causes (for example, from reduced exposure to other infections) and increasing in others (for example, from delayed or foregone healthcare or overburdening of the healthcare system). 8,17). d, Number of COVID-19 deaths in 2020 per 100,000 people by state (Methods). Different PSAs were targeted simply by varying the sonication times. April 2021 was the deadliest month since the pandemic began: nine capital cities reported more deaths than births, and, by 25 April, the number of COVID-19 deaths in 2021 surpassed that reported in 2020. 29, 233246 (1990). Eng. https://www.petrochemistry.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/150727_EBAM-Eco-profile-Acrylic-Monomers-1.pdf (Cefic European Basic Acrylic Monomers Sector group (EBAM): Brussels, 2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24488-9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24488-9. J. Macromol. Cad. Overall health conditions of individuals with diabetes worsened in 2020 due to reduced physical activity, postponement of medical appointments and interruption in regular drug treatment31. 15), producing the relatively small estimates of life expectancy decline. Quantifying impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic through life expectancy losses: a population-level study of 29 countries. & Bowe, B. High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. They might reduce access to and coverage of primary care and increase infant mortality and avoidable deaths. 9, 407418 (2021). a, Ratio of COVID-19 deaths reported in 2021 (JanuaryApril) to those reported in 2020 (%). FaterSMART. Rev. Therefore, efforts to introduce synergy between superabsorbent poly(acrylic acid) recovery and PSA production may provide much-needed demand for diaper recycling end-products, which in-turn may improve environmental performance for both processes on a large scale. x\[s8~w! The ecoinvent database version 3 (part I): overview and methodology. 99, 99106 (2015). Chem. For DT19, nRx is calculated as the ratio of expected deaths in the absence of COVID-19 to expected deaths in the presence of COVID-19. THIS GRANT IS CURRENTLY CLOSED. This was the case with the 1918 influenza pandemic in the United States, when e0 in 1919 was higher than in 1917, likely due, in part, to selective mortality of individuals with tuberculosis19. The corresponding VW for each adhesive is the rectangular region bounded by these four moduli. We used three approaches to assess changes in life expectancy due to COVID-19. La Commissione europea ha pubblicato i primi bandi del programma LIFE 2021-2027 per l' ambiente, il clima e l' energia . It was here that Sam, my husband, turned to me and said, 'This could . Article As a result, estimated e0 in Brazil in the presence of COVID-19 reflects levels observed in 2014 (Supplementary Table 10). b, Gap (in years) in state e0 and e65 in 2019 and 2020, calculated as the difference between the largest and smallest life expectancy among states (Methods). California, United States. Sci. :X"."o:XKw$0/vvDvXK Al-Aly, Z., Xie, Y. Chem. Among the states, Amazonas lost approximately 60% for both sexes and 68% among males. In January 2021, Manaus witnessed one of the most tragic scenarios of overwhelmed hospital capacity, running out of not only hospital beds but also oxygen22. Assuming that death rates would have been equal to 2019 all-cause rates in the absence of COVID-19, COVID-19 deaths in 2021 have already reduced e0 in 2021 by 1.8 years, which is slightly larger than the reduction estimated for 2020 under similar assumptions. The aim of the project is the conservation of Caretta caretta, in the western Mediterranean basin, from threats related to human disturbance in the nesting sites. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Molecules 23, 2870 (2018). Internet Explorer). We show that life expectancy in the presence of COVID-19 is equivalent to levels observed in Brazil as far back as 20 or more years in some states. (ed.) The estimated decline for Brazil was 0.94 years for both sexes, 0.66 years for females and 1.17 years for males. A facile and highly efficient strategy for esterification of poly(meth)acrylic acid with halogenated compounds at room temperature promoted by 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine. Tbuas Abreviadas de Mortalidade por Sexo e Idade. Li, J., Nagamani, C. & Moore, J. S. Polymer mechanochemistry: from destructive to productive. Without a change in coordination of pandemic response, expansion of testing and a rapid increase in vaccination, Brazil will soon become a serious threat to national and global health security42. For many polymers, recycling via mechanical processes is not feasible and these materials are destined for landfills or incineration. J. Protection and Research, The Kick-off meeting of the LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE TURTLENEST project will be held on January 20 in Rome, at the Legambiente headquarters. ACS Sustain. To estimate total deaths in the presence of COVID-19, we used different methodological approaches. M.C.C., N.G., C.M.T. As many countries speed up vaccination coverage and witness declines in cases and deaths, Brazil lags behind. The Guardian. et al. of 2-ethylhexanol and H2SO4 as a catalyst (Fig. Google Scholar. 5. Posta Elettronica Certificata (PEC): protocollo.ispra@ispra.legalmail.it, Kick-off meeting of the projet LIFE-2021-SAP-NAT-NATURE TURTLENEST, https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/en/news/kick-off-meeting-of-the-projet-life-2021-sap-nat-nature-turtlenest, https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/en/news/kick-off-meeting-of-the-projet-life-2021-sap-nat-nature-turtlenest/@@download/image/carretta.png. 34, 189200 (1991). Coates, G. W. & Getzler, Y. D. Y. L. Chemical recycling to monomer for an ideal, circular polymer economy. Chubarova, E. V., Melenevskaya, E. Y. The authors thank Procter and Gamble (P&G) for supporting this work, as well as Ryan Hayes and Jonah Vilseck for assisting with simulations, Edwin Zishiri for assisting with synthesis, Gary Gilbertson, Bill Begley, and Yiping Sun for performing SEC on the PSAs, and Prof. Brian Love for his intellectual contributions. https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics-catalysing-action (2017). Manaus, the capital of Amazonas, observed a very high attack rate after the first wave of the pandemic in 2020 (ref. Santos, M. C. et al. Next, we estimated total 2021 deaths, including COVID-19 confirmed deaths (\({\,}_nD_x^{COV}\)), reported by Brasil.io. For decades, mechanical recycling has been used to recover some value from waste polymers, although recycling rates are low2 and the material quality is often reduced. Brasil, Grandes Regies e Unidades da Federao 2010. in Estudos e Pesquisas. 4 0 obj J. Adhes. Height influenced biomass accumulation and hence C gain, where life forms . In Latin America, at least four countries experienced secular mortality declines at earlier dates: Argentina, Uruguay, Costa Rica and Cuba9. Anne J. McNeil. Due to these challenges, the focus has been on re-use of recovered materials, rather than recycling; for example, the recovered superabsorbent polymers have been explored for enhancing the water retention properties of soil21,22. M.C.C. In the Northeast, however, the estimated decreases in life expectancy in 2020 are smaller than in the North. 24, 561564 (2021). Vaupel, J. W., Villavicencio, F. & Bergeron-Boucher, M.-P. Demographic perspectives on the rise of longevity. 2). Res. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> http://olheparaafome.com.br/VIGISAN_Inseguranca_alimentar.pdf (2021). a, Ratio of COVID-19 deaths reported in 2021 (January-April) to those reported in 2020 (%). Third, for both 2020 and 2021, we calculated life tables based on the addition of COVID-19 mortality to the mortality pattern of 2019 (DT19). Carlyle, R. L. Process for the production of acrylic acid esters. JAMA 324, 510513 (2020). Similarly to Brazil, many other countries in Latin America experienced a relatively fast pace of mortality improvement during this period, benefitting from the public health and medical progress of their forerunners9,11. We quantified the effect of COVID-19 on reversing the progress in mortality reduction since 2000 (Methods). More specifically, we compared four different cradle-to-product LCA scenarios: poly(2-ethylhexylacrylate) production in the conventional industrial approach and three variations of the recycling process: (i) sonicating the 2.5% w/v polymer solution for 1min, (ii) sonicating the 5.0% w/v polymer solution for 2min, and (iii) no sonication of the 5% w/v polymer solution. Raber, D. J. et al. For example, upon heating, polyacrylic acid is known to undergo dehydration and decarboxylation in bulk17 and solution18, respectively. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/27/brazil-begins-parliamentary-inquiry-into-bolsonaros-covid-response (2021). Reaction conditions and yields for acid-catalyzed esterification of poly(acrylic acid), acetic acid, and undecanoic acid. The impact of COVID-19 on people with diabetes in Brazil. sub-programme "Transition to clean energy". A conscientious employee, willing to learn new skills, open to instruction and feedback with a background in varied product, process and people management. & Urey, H. C. The mechanisms of acid catalyzed ester hydrolysis, esterification and oxygen exchange of carboxylic acids. XWPH.c0vyT0GA&AEO_18Py7%ZN&d"h%I.[Al} xlTBbp~VXaUL|y17