data nugget coral bleaching and climate change answer key

Climate change has been causing the Earths air and oceans to get warmer. Nature Communications (Nat Commun) Module 1: Section 1 Global Climate Change 2 Module 1: Basics of Coral Reefs and Climate Change Section 1: Global Climate Change Learning Objectives By the end of this module you will have: An update on current scientific knowledge on climate change In late December 2021, satellite data analyses by. Using these cleaner transportation methods can help reduce the amount of greenhouse gasses that are emitted into the atmosphere. Corals are vulnerable to bleaching when the SST exceeds 1.0C. Some corals rebound, but many do not. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Based on a massive amount of historical data, the index can be used to compare the bleaching responses of corals throughout the world and to predict which corals may be most affected by future bleaching events. The coral bleaching response index was published today (April 13) as an Early View article by the journal Global Change Biology. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. The predicted climate velocities in the oceans show that the lowest variance in species-range shifts are occurring within ten degrees latitude of the Equator22. Climate change will affect coral reef ecosystems, through sea level rise, changes to the frequency and intensity of tropical storms, and altered ocean circulation patterns. We found that the global correlation between lower coral bleaching and higher SST variance, at weekly scales, corroborates previous regional studies that showed a small daily temperature range was consistently the best metric for predicting bleaching prevalence, with greater SST variability reducing the odds of coral bleaching3,12,13,14. All Coral Reef Temperature Anomaly Database (CoRTAD) data used in this analysis are publicly available at NOAAs National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) webpage (https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/cortad/Version6/). Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. The accelerated pace at which ocean temperatures have risen since the 1980s is causing coral bleaching and contributing to widespread loss of reef ecosystems. The index ranks the corals susceptibility to thermal stress from 1 to 100, with the most susceptible first in the list. For example, in biology, the CXLS acts like an ultrafast camera to see proteins and other building blocks of biology dynamically at work, analogous to how the very first X-rays yielded new views of our bodies. The coral bleaching response index was published today (April 13) as an Early View article by the journal Global Change Biology. Data Nuggets aim to improve students' quantitative literacy and attitudes about science. Recently, condensed-matter and laser scientist Robert Kaindl was brought in as the first director of the CXFEL Science Program and an ASU faculty member in the Department of Physics. Nature 543, 373377 (2017). Corals are naturally white. Mutalism occurs when two organisms coexist and each provides a benefit to the other. In the last decade, the onset of coral bleaching has occurred at significantly higher SSTs (0.5C) than in the previous decade, suggesting that thermally susceptible genotypes may have declined and/or adapted such that the remaining coral populations now have a higher thermal threshold for bleaching. Colors are largely due to different varieties of algae living symbiotically within reef corals, and other types of algae that help bind the reef framework together. A separate posterior check was undertaken for the zero bleaching values, to compare simulated data and observed zero bleaching, which indicated that the simulated data correctly estimated zero coral bleaching 50% of the time, and 3.4% (standard deviation 4.4%) coral bleaching when the simulated data was an overestimate. McClanahan, T. R. & Maina, J. Bleaching events can be good anchor phenomena, and the lessons and data tools in the module can help students carry out meaningful data driven investigations. 8, 59 (2016). Featured Data Nugget: Climate change is causing waters to warm, and species will need to adapt to survive. We standardized each covariate to improve the stability of our model. 2), per ecoregion. There is value in knowing which species are more resistant and why. 3). 9, 1671 (2018). Proc. Climate change has been causing the Earths air and oceans to get warmer. Perhaps corals and algae from inshore reefs have adapted to warm water. Overfishing depletes the number of fish that eat algae and keep the reefs ecosystem in balance. Together, these studies show that the relationship between anomalously high SSTs and coral bleaching varies over space and time. Yet, coral reefs are profoundly important. In concordance with the global predictions24,25,26, in the last decade, coral bleaching has increased in frequency and intensity (Fig. Nat. Change 26, 152158 (2014). 1603 Orrington Avenue We used generalized linear mixed models, within a Bayesian framework, to examine the influence of the covariates on coral bleaching. 88 26 Coral bleaching was also significantly lower in localities with a high variance in temperature anomalies, taken over weekly intervals (Fig. Download Full Image. The corals then turn from green to white, called coral bleaching. The Bayesian model was implemented in R34 and run through the rjags package that calls JAGS35, with 3 chains, a burn-in of 4000, and 5000 iterations. Also, check out the two videos below! Scientists are seeing similar declines in coral colonies throughout the world, including reefs off Hawaii, the Florida Keys and in the Indo-Pacific region. Graves says this could lead to new advanced understanding in several areas of scientific research. The research team plans to make the index available online, so that data on corals can be added as it becomes available and make the tool even more robust. 0000000016 00000 n Why does coral bleaching matter? where b0 is the intercept, are coefficients, x are environmental covariates, a are random effects of site (s), which hierarchically follow a normal distribution (norm) from the random effect (R) of ecoregion (r) with mean gr, bdiv is the coefficient for diversity (dr) introduced at the ecoregion level, is the overall mean, and and are variance across site and ecoregion, respectively. Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene. The change in coral-bleaching-sea-surfacetemperature is significantly different (Likelihood ratio test, Pr(>2)=0.001) between decades. trailer Further research should untangle this spatial heterogeneity in SST variance and determine to what extent acclimation versus adaptation is contributing to reduced coral bleaching prevalence. Thompson, D. M. & van Woesik, R. Corals escape bleaching in regions that recently and historically experienced frequent thermal stress. A global analysis of coral bleaching over the past two decades, $$o_i\sim {\mathrm{negative}}\,{\mathrm{binomial}}\,\left( {p_i,\,k} \right),$$, $${\mathrm{Expected}}\,\left( {o_i} \right) = p_i,$$, $${\mathrm{Variance}}\,\left( {o_i} \right) = p_i + p_i^2/k,$$, $${\mathrm{log}}\left( {p_i} \right) = b_0 + \gamma _1\left( {\left( {{\mathrm{covariate}}_{{\mathrm{i}},1}-{\mathrm{mean}}\,{\mathrm{covariate}}_1} \right)/{\mathrm{sigma}}\,{\mathrm{covariate}}_1} \right) \\ \,\,\,\,\,\, + \ldots \,\gamma _nx_{i,n} + a_{i,s},$$, $$a_s\sim {\mathrm{norm}}\left( {R_r,\,\tau } \right),$$, $$R_r\sim {\mathrm{norm}}\,(g_r,{\rm T}),$$, $$g_r = \mu + b_{{\mathrm{div}}}d_{\mathrm{r}},$$, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09238-2. Climate change has been causing the Earths air and oceans to get warmer. Once fully operational, the CXLS will make ultrashort pulses of X-rays to probe into the secrets of biology, medicine and advanced materials. Algae take energy from the sun in order to make Glucose and Oxygen from Water and Carbon dioxide. Some sites were repeatedly surveyed and therefore site was treated as a random effect. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Temperature patterns and mechanisms influencing coral bleaching during the 2016 El Nio, A global coral-bleaching database, 19802020, High frequency temperature variability reduces the risk of coral bleaching, Increasing thermal stress for tropical coral reefs: 18712017, Resilience of Central Pacific reefs subject to frequent heat stress and human disturbance, Long-term impacts of rising sea temperature and sea level on shallow water coral communities over a ~40 year period, Deep reefs of the Great Barrier Reef offer limited thermal refuge during mass coral bleaching, Global warming transforms coral reef assemblages, Predicting coral dynamics through climate change, https://github.com/InstituteForGlobalEcology/Coral-bleaching-a-global-analysis-of-the-past-two-decades, https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/cortad/Version6/, https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.noaa.oisst.v2.html, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Hidden heatwaves and severe coral bleaching linked to mesoscale eddies and thermocline dynamics, Benthic composition changes on coral reefs at global scales, Fine-scale heterogeneity reveals disproportionate thermal stress and coral mortality in thermally variable reef habitats during a marine heatwave, Deciphering pH-dependent microbial taxa and functional gene co-occurrence in the coral Galaxea fascicularis, Conservation at the edge: connectivity and opportunities from non-protected coral reefs close to a National Park in the Colombian Caribbean. Done, T. et al. ADS Algae, like plants, use the suns energy to make food. Only data collected during and within one year after a climate-driven bleaching event were analyzed to determine the health of the reef. As temperature rise, mass bleaching, and infectious disease outbreaks are likely to become more frequent. Swain is a member of the interdisciplinary research team that analyzed publicly available data on nearly half the worlds corals -- including actual measurements of bleaching -- to produce the global index. Sci. The importance of local conditions to reef survival is often dismissed, making those who rely on coral reefs for their livelihood or those who are stewards of the reefs feel hopeless. stephen.filmer@asu.edu, Coral reef in the Florida Keys. SST is the sea surface temperature during the field survey period. 1618). To be included in this analysis, an ecoregion was required to have hadat least 10 surveys over the 1998 to 2017 sampling period. We conservatively discarded 14 predictor variables whose correlation coefficients were >0.65 with co-occurring predictors. The environmental data were provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) and were supported in part by a grant from the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP). Compared with coarse-grained global models that predict minimal coral survival in the tropical oceans within the next 100 years, recent field work shows considerable geographic variability in both temperature stress and coral survival11,12,13,14. The data comprised 9215 data points, for 3351 sites (Supplementary Figs. They are images of how life works. This work is a good example of interdisciplinary research, Backman added. Ocean water that is closer to the shore (inshore) gets warmer than water that is further away (offshore). Why did Carly believe that inshore corals would bleach lessin warm water? Biogeosciences 10, 62256245 (2013). The global index is a standardized measure of vulnerability, by species of coral, to thermal stress. 5. 88 0 obj <> endobj We construct a generalized linear mixed model in a Bayesian framework to predict the probability of coral bleaching by including DHW and other temperature metrics (Supplementary Table1), latitude, depth, and coral diversity. Your information will never be shared or sold to a 3rd party. & Cohen, A. L. Projecting coral reef futures under global warming and ocean acidification. After six weeks, she recorded the number of corals that bleached in each tank. Hughes, T. P. et al. These sea stars are found throughout the Indo-Pacific region, from the Red Sea to the western coast of Panama. The Independent Variable is Temperature. Coral reefs are important on a fundamental level for biodiversity, said Donovan, who is also a member of ASUsCenter for Global Discovery and Conservation Science. A global analysis of coral bleaching over the past two decades. Coral bleaching was also higher in areas with high rates of change in SST but lower in areas with high variability in SST. If so, inshore corals and algae should bleach less often than offshore corals and algae. What was the difference between the conditionsin the two tanks? Lett. Next, they form a directed beam by passing a series of precision-aligned magnets. Hostsymbiont recombination versus natural selection in the response of coraldinoflagellate symbioses to environmental disturbance. Coral reefs are the worlds most diverse marine ecosystems. et al. Bleaching happens when stressed corals expel their life-providing algae, turning coral reefs stark white as their skeletons show through. Pandolfi, J. M., Connolly, S. R., Marshall, D. J. At the same time, the corals provide the algae a safe home. We are constantly working to improve our resources, and we welcome all information on how they performed in your classroom with your students! The CoRTAD data were provided by GHRSST and the US National Centers for Environmental Information, which was supported in part by a grant from the NOAA Climate Data Record (CDR) Program for satellites. Northwestern recognized for internationalization amid high demand for global education, Hes helping young musicians bridge the gap between art and business, Trethewey named to the Academy of American Poets, How the second-longest US government shutdown is affecting the economy, Learning to write like a president sounds, Longest global coral bleaching event ever recorded is happening now, Rich with life, coral reefs are rain forests of the sea, Huge historicaldata sets used to understand mass bleaching of reefs, Livelihoods of 500 million people rely on healthy coral reefs, Index provides valuable new tool to conservationists and park managers. Every type of coral has declined since 1995 because of climate change, an Australian study finds. 0000005716 00000 n Bleaching happens when stressed corals expel their life-providing algae, turning coral reefs stark white as their skeletons show through. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sheppard, C. R. C. Predicted recurrences of mass coral mortality in the Indian Ocean. The covariates that we used in the analysis are summarized in Supplementary Table1; a Pair-wise Pearsons correlation of coefficients was used to determine which covariates were highly collinear (Supplementary Fig. If you teach about climate change impacts in your classrooms, check out Data in the Classroom's Investigating Coral Bleachingmodule. When water is too warm, corals will expel the algae (zooxanthellae) living in their tissues causing the coral to turn completely white. She wondered, why some corals and their algae can still work together when the water is warm, while others cannot? | By. 2. The coral bleaching data were composed of the Reef Check dataset (reefcheck.org), collected by a mixture of professional scientists (56%) and trained and certified citizen-scientists (44%) using a standardized transect protocol31. Coral reef in the Florida Keys. PubMedGoogle Scholar. When the water gets too warm, the algae can no longer live inside corals, so they leave. The lab opened in the ASU Biodesign C building in the fall of 2018, and since that time, deputy director and research scientist Mark Holl has spearheaded the design, engineering and construction of the complex equipment inside the lab. Additionally, carbon dioxide (CO 2) absorbed into the ocean from the atmosphere has already begun to reduce calcification rates in . Ocean acidification refers to a change in ocean chemistry in response to the uptake of carbon dioxide . Corals are vulnerable to bleaching when the SST exceeds 1.0C. Graves says this step will be a technology to create a nanopattern for the electrons, which would put them into a precise arrangement. Article They are not rock. Ecosystems 6, 551563 (2003). Because of climate change, offshore corals may experience this warmer temperature in the future. Bringing authentic research and data into K-16 classrooms. Coles, S. L. et al. The environmental variables encompassed several high thermal-stress events, including El Nio conditions, during which large parts of the tropical oceans were warmer than usual increasing the probablility of coral bleaching. and S.S. wrote the first draft; and S.S., D.B., M.D., G.H. Coral bleaching distribution. The steepest falls came after mass bleaching events in 2016 and 2017. Pollut. Clim. Featured Data Nugget: The world's coral reefs are home to a large diversity of plants and animals, and are threatened by climate change. 2). 2, Supplementary Figs. The normal water temperature was 27C, which is a temperature that both inshore and offshore corals experience during the year. Data Nuggets can be used across K-16 grades and multiple times throughout the school year as students build their quantitative skills. MVS Oceanography 6.2 - Coral Reef Watch Exploration Go to the Coral Reef Watch interactive map:. Adv. The National Science Foundation (grants EFRI-1240416, EFRI-623 0937987 and CBET-1249311) and the National Institutes of Health (grants CA-128641, EB-003682) supported the research. Here we . Australian researchers recently reported a sharp decline in the abundance of coral along the Great Barrier Reef. Actividad para estudiantes, Tipo de grfica A, Actividad para estudiantes, Tipo de grfica B, Actividad para estudiantes, Tipo de grfica C, Gene expression under chronic heat stress in populations of the mustard hill coral (Porites astreoides) from different thermal environments, Evidence for a host role in thermotolerance divergence between populations of the mustard hill coral (Porites astreoides) from different reef environments, Steve Palumbi & Megan Morikawa Study Coral Reef Damage in American Samoa, Kenkel CD, G Goodbody-Gringley, D Caillaud, SW Davies, E Bartels, MV Matz (2013). and D.B. (2016). And by March 2022, a mass coral bleaching event was well underway. The value of the variable in an ecoregion is then reported as the number of standard deviations from the variables mean over all ecoregions. The decline for some populations is much larger; for some, it's much smaller. Corals in a reef near Papua New Guinea in the Southwest Pacific. The extra sugars become food for the corals. The team was led by molecular biologist Luisa A. Marcelino and included Vadim Backman, both professors at McCormick. Wed like to create a kind of stop-motion movie of the making and breaking of chemical bonds. . Mar. What other variables do you think Carly had to control(keep the same?). Coral reefs are referred to as rain forests of the sea, said Marcelino, a research assistant professor of civil and environmental engineering. Geographically, the highest probability of coral bleaching occurred at tropical mid-latitude sites (1520 degrees north and south of the Equator), despite similar thermal stress levels at equatorial sites. Rate_of_SST_change is the annual rate of SST change from 1984 to 2017 at a 1km resolution. Credit: Brocken Inaglory. At the thousands of sites surveyed, the mean SST recorded during coral bleaching in the first decade of the dataset, from 1998 to 2006, was 28.1C, whereas the mean SST recorded during coral bleaching in the second decade, from 2007 to 2017, was 28.7C. Approximately 60% of all coral colonies assessed - and up to 90% in some sites - were bleached. Nature 560, 9296 (2018). One day, Carly observed an interesting pattern. But while conventional X-ray sources have been limited to taking static pictures, recent developments provide access to natures rapid dynamics. Carly is a scientist who wanted to study coral bleaching so she could help protect corals and coral reefs. Relationship between the percentage of coral colonies bleached and environmental variables across all depths within a Bayesian framework with mean values (circles) and 95% credible intervals (the thin black horizontal lines) as well as 50% credible intervals (the thick black horizontal lines) at 3351 sites in 81 countries, from 19982017 (all definitions are outlined in detail in Supplementary Table1). When the water gets too warm, the algae can no longer live inside corals, so they leave. 16, 151154 (1995). startxref 2 & Supplementary Figs. At the same time, the corals provide the algae a safe home. We demonstrated that equatorial areas and areas with greater exposure to short-term SST fluctuations may be more resilient to high temperature events, and therefore may be important targets for conservation given their increased likelihood of persisting into the future30. Because of their simplicity and flexibility, Data Nuggets can be used throughout the school year and across grades K-16, as students grow in their quantitative abilities and gain confidence. With warmer oceans, coral bleaching is becoming more widespread. Hoegh-Guldberg, O. et al. Even where they are, corals show local and regional variation and species-specific responses to thermal stress11,12,13,14. If your students are looking for more data on coral bleaching, check out HHMI BioInteractives classroom activity in which students use authentic data to assess the threat of coral bleaching around the world. (Princeton University Press, New Jersey, USA, 2015). This suggests that local action to conserve coral reefs can help reefs withstand the effects of climate change.". Marine heat waves are expected to become more intense, and high temperatures cause corals to turn ghostly white in what's known as "coral bleaching." Corals live in a domestic partnership, of. These electrons are accelerated to nearly the speed of light by a 1-meter-long linear accelerator and strong microwave-frequency electromagnetic fields with megawatt peak power. Data Nuggets feature a scientist role model and the story of what inspired their research. The overarching goal of the program is to help scientists gain greater access to the emerging XFEL science to make new discoveries. The algae that live inside the corals cells are tiny and produce more sugars than they themselves need. Mar. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, Hot Topics in the Science Classroom: Extreme Heat Events and Our Nations Estuaries. People all over the world rely on reefs for food security, for coastal protection from storms and for other livelihoods. The leading cause of coral bleaching is climate change. 0000002869 00000 n To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Once generated, the X-rays can then be used to reveal the atomic structures and functions of biomolecules and novel materials. TS is thermal stress. When combined, all of these impacts dramatically alter ecosystem function, as well as the goods and services coral reef . Proc. Marine taxa track local climate velocities. One of the greatest biological disturbances to coral reefs is an outbreak of crown-of-thorns sea stars. Follow the instructions provided below and answer each question to complete this activity. The $10 million investment will help shape the future of research, medical imaging, cultural heritage, quantum information and energy. You don't have permission to access this content. The next steps in the application of CXLS and development of a CXFEL machine make these sources a centerpiece for future industry partnerships and scientific collaboration, as well as real-world opportunities for students to get experience in physics, biology and engineering. More acidic ocean waters impede coral growth and warmer waters cause coral bleaching. Climate change has been causing the Earth's air and oceans to get warmer. Colored circles indicate 1% bleaching (blue) through 100% bleaching (yellow). Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. The widespread decline is fueled in part by climate-driven heat waves that are warming the worlds oceans and leading to whats known as coral bleaching, the breakdown of the mutually beneficial relationship between corals and resident algae. Carly is a scientist who wanted to study coral bleaching so she could help protect corals and coral reefs. Thermal-stress events associated with climate change cause coral bleaching and mortality that threatens coral reefs globally. The algae and corals coexist in a relationship where each partner benefits the other, called a mutualism: these species do better together than they would alone. When the water gets too warm, some corals bleach and some can survive. Degree Heating Weeks (DHW) has become a standard global predictor of bleaching15, with 1 DHW defined as 1C above the long-term climatology for the warmest month at a given locality. A coral reef is like an underwater city. pp 1535 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2013). Coral reefs are home to many species of animals fish, sharks, sea turtles, and anemones all use corals for habitat! How were the two tanks different. She brought them into an aquarium lab for research. The Independent Variable is Temperature. We also examined the prevalence of coral bleaching per coral ecoregion (as defined by Veron et al. The world currently is experiencing the longest global coral bleaching event ever recorded, with the Great Barrier Reef and U.S. reefs among those suffering. According to a United Nations report, the world's coral reefs are at the epicenter for climate change impacts and species loss. R. van Woesik. Visualizesthe process of coral bleaching atdifferent scales. pp. Reducing size and cost means that more universities and institutions could build similar sources, putting more minds to work looking at things like proteins. Thermal-stress events associated with climate change cause coral bleaching and mortality that threatens coral reefs globally. If possible, print the report so you have it handy to answer these questions. We can see it with our eyes, and we also clearly see the progression of climate change in our data. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Carly wondered whether inshore corals are better able to work with their algae in warm water because they have adapted to these temperatures. Bringing authentic research and data into K-16 classrooms. 0000003167 00000 n We also note that coral bleaching was negatively related to the standard deviation of thermal stress events (Fig. We were very excited to get first electrons.. White circles indicate no bleaching. When the water gets too warm, the algae can no longer live inside corals, so they leave. Furthermore, recent studies show that marine taxa track climate velocity21, which is the rate and direction that the climate shifts across the seascape. Bull. If necessary, you may want to refer back to the "Product Overview" and "SST Product" pages here:. All rights reserved. Carly designed an experiment to test this. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Correspondence to This is contribution number 196 from the Institute of Global Ecology at the Florida Institute of Technology. With warmer oceans, coral bleaching is becoming more widespread. 0000019178 00000 n The lab webpage can be found here. Severe bleaching is common at 8 DHW and above16. Reduce stormwater runoff. They provide billions of dollars in economic value through coastal protection, food, tourism, and pharmaceuticals from the sea1. Answer to 1. We take a spatially explicit approach to examine the response of coral communities to thermal stress events at 3351 sites in 81 countries (Fig. And by March 2022, a mass coral bleaching event was well underway. xb```FV i l@ .4A3q6LJ:AB}1nvVoAms46)bV3tg:;_ Au+\ MUo2fJA` W/Ur3^|3@$>XIHZ\oB[Z*]WR]&{;*)`-\kv=sQxG\ !^ 'd\&. Since 1970, then, the size of animal populations for which data is available have declined by 69%, on average. Photo by Tom Shlesinger, Help provided: Students staff ASU's Counselor Training Center, Leaders on how ASU masters degree in nonprofit management prepared them for successful careers, 14-year-old ASU Online student hoping to engage, empower the next generation, Biden cybersecurity strategy a positive step, ASU expert says, Morrison Institute contributing to the 'future of democracy,' Crow says, Melikian Center receives federal funding to expand global study opportunities, School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, First electrons generated for revolutionary new tool in biological discovery, ASU researcher combats food insecurity with AI, Cronkite School partners with Grambling State University to research emergency management resources at HBCUs, Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication, ASU students win $10K prize in 30-hour hackathon, Center for Accelerating Operational Efficiency, Watts College of Public Service and Community Solutions, School of Community Resources and Development, The Melikian Center: Russian, Eurasian and East European Studies. Our goal is to use data to understand what is driving bleaching and learn how we can protect the worlds coral reefs, so we dont lose them so quickly.. Nature 507, 492495 (2014). module. volume10, Articlenumber:1264 (2019) Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative.