Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Spending for 2021 is up 8%, but nonresidential buildings spending is down 4%. It is expected, that the prices will climb to around 51 p/kWh, which would bring the number to 37 536 pounds. Total labor production for the year must take into account all months. Construction Inflation Index Tables + Links. +6.7% Construction Analytics Nonres Bldgs Mar, +5.4% PPI Average Final Demand 5 Nonres Bldgs Dec, +5.3% PPI average Final Demand 4 Nonres Trades Dec, +1.9% Turner Index Nonres Bldgs annual avg 2021 Q4, +4.8% Rider Levett Bucknall Nonres Bldgs annual avg 2021 Q4, +16% Mortenson Nonres Bldgs annual avg 2021 Mar, +11.7% U S Census New SF Home annual avg 2021 Dec, +7.4% I H S Power Plants and Pipelines Index annual avg 2021 Dec, +7.1% BurRec Roads and Bridges annual avg 2021 Q4, +9.11% R S Means Nonres Bldgs Inputs annual avg 2021 Q4, +10.0% ENR Nonres Bldgs Inputs annual avg 2021 Dec, 2020 Rsdn Inflation 4.5%, Nonres Bldgs 2.6%, Non-bldg Infra Avg -0.3%, 2021 Rsdn Inflation 13.9%, Nonres Bldgs 7.4%, Non-bldg Infra Avg 7.8%, 2022 Rsdn Inflation 15.4%, Nonres Bldgs 12.2%, Non-bldg Infra Avg 13.6%, 2023 Rsdn Inflation 6.0%, Nonres Bldgs 4.8%, Non-bldg Infra Avg 4.3%. First of all, they will satisfy the needs of large developers, it will become more difficult for private owners and self-builders to buy building materials. . Residential 8-year average inflation for 2013-2020 is 5.0%. It will affect the cost of structural shapes, steel joists, reinforcing steel, metal deck, stairs and rails, metal panels, metal ceilings, wall studs, door frames, canopies, steel duct, steel pipe and conduit, pumps, electrical cabinets and furniture, and Im sure more. Commercial Construction. Divide Index for 2021 by index for 2016 = 111.7/87.0 = 1.284. In terms of planning for deferred maintenance, and efficient use of capital, have you projected a longer term inflation rate/index? Check their web site at . Residential volume for 2021 is up +10% while Nonresidential Bldgs volume is down 10% and Non-bldg volume is down 7%. In Brisbane, major infrastructure developments such as the Cross River Rail and Queens Wharf projects are also highlighting the demand for materials. Is there anything driving 2023 inflation dropping off so substantially (impllied ~4.5%). However, as the COVID-19 infection rate increased, the demand for lumber soared as home building and renovation became more popular. The 2021 index was +14%. Also Check: New Construction Homes In Conyers Ga, 2022 ConstructionProTalk.com Contact us: constructionprotalk.com, 2022 Real Estate, Luxury Market, and Construction Costs Forecast, Steel & Construction Forecasts: Steel Market Update Q3 2022, Construction 2022 Roof Decking Cost, Material Quantity & Labour Cost -Jamaica, How to Get Construction Funding Going Forward. According to the Hays/BCIS Site Wage Cost Index, all-in site rates rose by 8% in 4th quarter 2021 compared with a year earlier but quarterly increases . Engineering News Record Building Cost Index (ENRBCI) and RSMeans Cost Index are other examples of commonly used indices that do not capture whole building cost. The most watched indicators of the rate of inflation are the costs of various construction materials and the labor needed to install them. All original data is gathered for all indices, but since all indices have different index dates (start in different years), all data is modified to a common base date, in this case 2019. That makes it even more important to understand labor costs, ensure accurate job costing, and track progress in real . U.S. projected growth in construction material costs by material 2018-2019; Building materials wholesale sales revenue in Japan 2012-2021; Quarterly sales of sand and gravel in Great Britain 2012-2021 However,escalationis the termoften used in a construction cost estimate to represent anticipated future change, while more often the record of past cost changes is referred to as inflation. This index in not related at all to construction and should not be used to adjust construction pricing. Hindsight is always 20/20. JLL's H2 2021 Construction Outlook forecasts scant materials and labor availability continuing to constrain recovery through the first half of 2022, with worsening cost and labor conditions as . In Jan 2021, I predicted Inflation for nonresidential buildings near 4% and Residential inflation at 5% to 6%. Consumers, contractors, and companies are wondering if these costs will decrease in 2022. Dec vs Dec simply compares jobs at 2 points in time, without the benefit of what occurred in the other 11 months of the year, so does not tell us what took place over the year. In January 2021, I had forecast We will not see construction volume return to Feb 2020 level at any time in the next three years. Total volume for 2022 is forecast up only 1.7%. As a result, some contractors have used alternative financing to obtain more expensive materials and other resources so they arent limited by cash flow. Residential spending is forecast up 13% for 2022, but a forecast for 11.7% residential inflation slows volume growth to 2.3% for the year. Ed, reading your report I dont see about prefab or manufactured housing, those being cheaper are less affected by this so called technical inflation And thank you for this very detailed analysis. Although inflation is affected by labor and material costs, a large part of the change in inflation is due to change in contractors/supplier margins. By 3rd qtr 2021 volume was down 21%. Late in Q2, we are now seeing lumber prices well below $600/MBF, which is almost back to pre-COVID levels. By Chris Sleight 03 January 2022 5 min read. The Building Construction Price Indexes (BCPI) are quarterly series that measure change over time in the prices that contractors charge to construct a range of new commercial, institutional, industrial and residential buildings. The US Census Bureau says that's the largest year over year increase in material costs since 1970. The spread is from 2% to 16%, wider than ever seen in any other year. Per Turners website they show a 5.04% yearly increase, which is still low (but not an outlier) on the range of 5% to 14% for other nonresidential buildings indices. 2021 Input costs for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings is the highest on record. Cement Price 2023: 4 to 5 dollars per 50 kg bag or 320 to 400 Rs. Among contractors, the expectation of new equipment purchases in 2022 is mixed: 43% say it will remain the same, 38% say it will increase, 14% say it will decrease. The index for routes from Europe to the U.S. dropped from 81.8 to 72.7, while the index for routes from Asia to the United States eased from 72.7 to 68.2. Residential dips 4% then recovers to current level, nonresidential buildings volume increases 6% and Non-building infrastructure volume will fall 7%. Home Behind the Headlines Construction Inflation 2022. SeveralNonresidential BuildingsFinal Cost Indicesaveraged over 5%/yr. Reduction in cost is only present during years when there was a recession. That forecast has since increased. Taking a look at this now. Even though material input costs were up for 2020, nonresidential inflation in 2020 remained low, possibly influenced by a reduction in margins due to the decline in new nonresidential buildings construction starts (-18%), which is a decline in new work to bid on. That allows all indices to be easily compared. The difference between these two data sets is supervisory employees. The materials supply situation is expected to stabilise by 3rd quarter 2022 and prices will rise by 12% over the forecast period (4Q2021 to 4Q2026). Residential spending for 2022 is forecast up +5.7%. Residential volume for 2022 is forecast up 2.3%. Below is the non-building plot, inflation adjusted. Note: Data for January 2022 and 2023 is forecast, BCIS Plant Cost Index is not forecast. Nonresidential and non-building volume since Feb 2020 are down 15% to 16%. Linesight forecasts that prices will decline by 5% in 2022 as the U.S. steel industry remains . At this time, it appears that relief may not be in sight until early 2023. Or 16%? Overall cost inflation for materials is expected to begin cooling by the end of 2022 . There is very little you can do about what is happening in Ukraine and how that is affecting gas prices. This is national. Any project delay can slow down your business and force you to reject clients because of a backlog. The CA Infrastructure composite index is useful only for adjusting the grand total cost of all non-building infrastructure. Res +6%, Nonres Bldgs -18%, Nonbuilding -15%. Per 50 kg bag. Jobs average over the year 2021 increased +2.3%. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Looking back, we now see nonresidential buildings inflation is 7%, the highest since 2006-2007 and residential inflation is 13%, the highest since 1977-1979, in part driven by the highest rates of increase in materials on record. Total construction volume since Feb 2020 is still down 2.5%. Most nonresidential construction markets had a weaker spending performance in 2021 than in 2020. Looking forward to your future updates. Escalation should stabilize to the 2%-4% range in 2023 and 2024, on par with historical averages. But we gained back far more jobs than volume. With all steel representing 16% of total building cost then final cost of building would be up 4%. The industrial market is expected to pace the building construction upturn this year and next, with projected gains of over 9% this year and more than 8% . (202) 266-8448. https://www.census.gov/construction/nrs/pdf/price_uc.pdf, Turner Construction Cost Index average annual for 2021 is up only 1.9% from 2020. The annual average gives a much clearer indication of jobs growth over the year because it accounts for the peaks and dips of all 12 months during the year. Public infrastructure inflation, up only 1.2% in 2020 after reaching over 4% in 2018 and 2019, averaged 2.7%, since 2011. Due to the pandemic, in many ways the home building industry and customers who buy them have acted counterintuitively. Constant $ show volume. Spending includes inflation, which does not add to the volume of work and does not support jobs growth. Is this applicable? Indeed, provided the amount of airtime those issues have garnered since 2020, there may be professionals who expected greater rates of increase. With mortgage rates soaring, many believe the worst of the wild lumber ride is over and prices will continue to slowly decline over the last two quarters of 2022, bottoming out around the $450/MBF mark. The costs of goods change for various reasons, but two key events have driven recent price increases. The other 6% of total steel cost applies to all buildings. In December, lumber prices hit thier lowest level, falling briefly below the $400 per thousand board feet mark (a key indicator for the market performance of this commodity.) JLL shows that high-wage states are clustered in the Northeast corridor and the West Coast. Should we expect a drop in prices for building materials in 2022? So that means there was a 7% increase cost to build a residential home from last year, is that correct? With construction activity ramping up, demand for steel will be high in 2022. Residential inflation in 2021 jumped to 13.2%, the highest on record back to 1967. That loss of productivity for the workforce is a hidden aspect of inflation, not shown in pricing or wages. One of those things that drastically effects the price of steel are the microchips used in vehicles. The prices of goods used in residential construction rose again in March and are up 8% since the start of 2022, the National Association of Home Builders reports citing Bureau of Labor Statistics data. Nonbuilding spending was down 1.1%. Mike, page 11 of the report has an index table of values and a How to Use. Since 2010, Construction Spending is up over 100%, but after adjusting for inflation, Volume is up only 28%. How can we tell the magnitude of this impact on inflation when it is hidden, not seen in wages? In just the past year, prices for materials used in residential construction have climbed nearly 20%. Every week brings new reports of materials costs hitting record highs, while lead times lengthen or become ever more uncertain. The second half of 2020 and first half of 2021 was a fantastic period for residential construction, but with clear evidence that the stimulus-fuelled wave of home buying is waning we expect a drift lower in output over the next 18 months. Unfortunately, the popularity came at a price for the construction sector and consumers. Nonresidential buildings inflation for 2020 dropped to 2.6%, the first time in 6 years below 4%. It signalled the cost of structural steel as increasing the most by 39.5% per tonne followed by plasterboard, a 35.5% per sqm rise. After adjusting for inflation, total all construction volume in 2021 was down -1.1%. Examples include self-healing concrete, flexible concrete, and transparent aluminum, which allows architects to design glassy structures that are much lighter in . 7% is the forecast for 2022. Feb 2022 total was the highest level of new starts on record. But some jobs counted as Nonresidential actually work on residential construction, so the individual sector data is skewed and there is insufficient detail to count those jobs. Construction costs rose modestly in the prior year, clocking in at 4.4% year-over-year growth. The Federal Reserve is weighing fiscal policy options, like increasing federal lending interest rates, as a means of addressing inflation. For 2020-2021, spending increased 42% and volume was up 20%. For over eight decades, RSMeans data has stood as the gold standard in construction estimating, and we took extra steps to reinforce that status this year. As we see construction costs (thanks to materials and labor) continue to rise through the end of this year, escalation should stabilize to 2%-4% in 2023 and 2024; on par with historical averages. Construction uses slightly less than 40% of all steel and that is predominantly fabricated structural steel. During that time, the average of non-building indices would have given +12% from 2010-2014, +13% for 2015-2017 and +10% for 2018-2019. As you might expect, a large portion of all steel manufactured goes into the automotive industry. Daniel, Assuming a typical structural steel building with some metal panel exterior, steel pan stairs, metal deck floors, steel doors and frames and steel studs in walls, thenall steel material installed represents about 14% to 16% of total nonresidential building cost. See Tables below: General construction cost indices and Input price indices that do not track whole building final cost do not capture the full cost of inflation on construction projects. Looking at the average number of construction jobs in the last 4 years, the average of 2021 jobs vs the average of 2017 jobs, production jobs increased +5%, but supervisory jobs increased +12%. When these plot lines grow wider apart with jobs above volume, that is a sign of a productivity decline. . The Construction Analytics Infrastructure composite index is useful only for adjusting the total cost of all non-building infrastructure. Those fluctuations are not limited to a specific direction: many costs have increased, though some may have decreased. And market uncertainty has reduced the shelf life for bids and estimates from weeks to days. Normally, contracts close about 6-8 weeks after a contract is firm, which means the data youre seeing is reported in real-time. Nonbuilding Infrastructure inflation, from 2013 to 2017 averaged less than 1%, but then jumped to 5% in 2018 and 2019. Chicago lumber futures bottomed below the $400 per thousand feet mark as persistent fears of a demand-sapping global recession prompted some profit-taking after a massive rally drove prices to an over three-month high in early February. The extent of volume declines would affect the jobs situation. Ive provided only one table for index reference. In those conditions, its imperative to keep your cost estimating data up to date. Inflation has put a damper on construction, leading to higher costs for construction companies. Deflation is not likely. All dropped to between 2% to 3.5% in 2020. CA means Construction Analytics. Is this report just for California? Recommended Reading: General Construction Laborer Job Description. The price index for plastic rose 35 percent and architectural coatings rose 24.3 percent. Spiking materials prices are making it challenging for most firms to profit from any increases in demand for new construction projects, said Stephen E. Sandherr, said AGCs chief executive officer in a release. Unless volume of work increases or job growth slows, by the end of 2022, volume will be lower than today. Declines continue into 2021. In 2021 it jumped to 14%, the highest since 1978. That should impact jobs, but we havent seen jobs react to volume losses as would be expected. What affect might a steel cost increase have on a building project? Here are some of the top trends in construction for 2022. A significant impact of the pandemic on construction is the loss of spending due to the massive reduction in nonresidential construction starts in 2020. Avg inflation for all down/flat years is less than 1%. The 2021 fourth quarter forecast predicted a 30.6% drop for 2022 year after soaring 46.2% in 2021. Dont Miss: Cash Out Refinance Construction Loan. Original article attached IS NOT updated. The opposite is true for several other near-universal materials. It peaked at 7% in 2013 but dropped to 3.2% in 2015 and 3.4% in 2019. The 2015-2023 table has been updated to include all Q1 2022 data where available. When looking at year-over-year costs, 93% of the construction materials, equipment and labor rates in the RSMeans database changed in cost. Higher mortgage rates and a slowdown in DIY home renovations are easing demand for lumber, Insider says. A contract is closed when the transaction actually occurs and the buyers move into the house. BCIS forecast tender prices to rise by 20% in the five years to 2Q2027. If jobs increase faster than volume, that adds to productivity losses and adds to inflation. Yes, the cost in 2022 would be 7% more than 2021. Spending going down? Early procurement of Mechanical and Electrical equipment is becoming a must for Owners to start projects on time. The PPI is a materials cost index. To differentiate between Revenue and Volume you must use actual final cost indices, otherwise known as selling price indices, to properly adjust the cost of construction over time. Cost decreased in 2015 and 2016, the only negative costs for inputs in the past 20 years. In short, the lumber prices forecast for 2023 is looking the brightest it has since 2020. But some sources expect gains to moderate from 2021. Get started in 5 minutes. According to Basu, based on past experiences, most construction firm failures occur during early construction recovery coming out of economic turmoil. Although total volume for 2022 is forecast up 1.7%, with Residential volume forecast up 2.3%, Nonresidential Bldgs volume up 4% and Non-building volume forecast down 2.4%, we will not see total construction volume return to Feb 2020 level at any time in the next three years. 2022: Consolidation and rebalancing. In reality, there was an unexpected boom in real estate demand, the likes of which had not occurred since 2006. Deflation is not likely. Some materials prices are easing, and this will continue if supply chains receive no further shocks. AGC reports inflation for the year as the value reported in December of the year. If volume is declining, there is no support to increase jobs. Since 2010, Construction Spending is up over 100%, but after adjusting for inflation, Volume is up only 31%. As of 25th May, Housebuilders in Ireland claim that the average cost of a new home could jump by between 12,000 and 15,000, by the end of the year due to the surge in prices for building materials. cost of construction materials in the U.S. Both lumber and plywood increased over 100% in the same time frame (121.08% and 139.89%, respectively). Nonresidential buildings starts fell 18% in 2020, but gained 18% in 2021. Since 2016, inflation exceeded spending by almost 20%. In 2020 it dropped to 2.5%, but for the six years 2014-2019 it averaged 4.4%. Residential construction inflation in 2019 was only 3.4%. The general demand for . Historically, when spending decreases or remains level for the year, inflation rarely (only 10% of the time) climbs above 3%. Constant $ = Spending minus inflation = Volume. Lumber prices fell 39% from their March high and are 52% below their May 2021 peak of $1,733 per thousand board feet, Insider reports. If mill price is up 100%, then subcontractor final cost is up 25%. 2022 Residential Inflation 12.8%, Nonres Bldgs 9.4%, Non-bldg Infra Avg 5.6%. As of December 2021, volume is still down 7% from the February 2020 peak and up only 2% from the 2020 low. Input costs averaged over 5% for 2018-2020. For example, they start hiring staff, leasing or purchasing equipment, or even taking on more space. Then in 2021 input costs soared to 22%, the highest ever recorded. Matt, I added a short note at that statement. This represents a 1.6% quarterly increase from the Third Quarter 2022 and an 8.29% yearly increase from the Fourth Quarter 2021. According to the National Association of Home Builders, they believe families should expect increased interest rates and market turmoil. However, construction costs dont increase at identical rates across the nation. Total volume for 2022 is forecast up only 1.7%. Industry group, the Irish Home Builders Association said in a survey that record timber prices, Covid-related stoppages, depleted inventories, delays in shipping and Brexit-related transport issues have increased the cost of building materials required for the construction of new homes. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, construction material prices were up by 25% in 2021, and so far, the cost of construction in 2022 remains high. What does that hidden loss of productivity for the workforce look like? update 9-19-22 SEE INDEX TABLES AND PLOTS updated to Q2 2022. Producer Price Index (PPI) Material Inputs(which exclude labor)to new construction averaged less than 1%/yr. In 2021, spending was down for nonresidential buildings and non-building. Final costs of contractors and buildings is up 5.3%. . A Closer Look at 2022 Construction Cost Changes, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Construction Materials: Copper Versus Aluminum Wire, 2021 Construction Estimating Trends: RSMeans Data Online Year in Review. update 8-12-22 See Summary. We can still expect some minor change to 2021 and future forecasts. There are signs that the price of building materials may be starting to settle after a sharp 25% rise last year, but the outlook is still uncertain. During the 2nd Quarter of 2022 with interest rates rising and the housing market declining, we have seen the demand for lumber start to cool down. The construction industry has yet to settle back into predictable and steady cycles. July 2022: PDF: April 2022: PDF: February 2022: PDF: September 2021: PDF: August 2021: PDF: Residential starts in 2020 increased 6%, adding about $35 billion in new spending spread over 2 years. A contract is firm when both the home seller and buyer agree to the transaction, however this may not be reported in a timely fashion. Home sales are forecast to soften in 2022, declining by 1.4% with limited listings and affordability becoming growing constraints for buyers, and then by another 3.8% in 2023. . Nonresidential volume dropped every month in 2020 after the February 2020 peak, down 19% by December, but thats not the bottom. Linesight's Commodity Report Sees U.S. Prices Dropping for Construction Materials in 2022. . Currently, the price remains volatile. Producer Price Index tables published by AGC show input costs to nonresidential buildings up about 18% for 2021. Once this happens, steel will once again be poured back into the auto industry raising the rarity and price of it again. There are so many issues that can trip a contractor up, its amazing that you deal with so much risk on an ongoing basis, and you seem to manage through that process, Basu says. builders have reported ongoing concerns over elevated lumber and other construction costs, as well as delays in obtaining building materials. See this post on my blog Construction Economic Outlook 2022, Thanks for your insights. What does the future hold for lumber prices? For 2022, spending is forecast to increase 10%, but inflation is forecast at 6%, resulting in volume growth of 4%. The average of these six is 6.7%. By David Logan on August 15, 2022 ( 0) The prices of building materials rose 0.4% in July (not seasonally adjusted) even as softwood lumber prices increased 2.3%, according to the latest Producer Price Index (PPI) report. Thanks for the clarification on this. So after a collective 30,000 hours of research and validation by our team of data engineers, lets take a look at some of the cost changes in the 2022 RSMeans dataset. Ive learned a lot from reading just a few of your posts. 2020 spending increased only 0.7%. Year over year, building material prices have increased 20.4% and have risen 33% since the beginning of the pandemic, the NAHB reports. Quarter. When updating to 2022 data, the cost jumps to $13.2 million, meaning that the identical structure would cost a builder over $1.1 million more on average this year. On April 26th, 2021, the average lumber price is $1,372 per 1,000 board feet. thanks. Wage awards over the next year will come . In 2021 it was 9.0%. Their warehouses are stocked up so that they can meet increasing demand and keep the prices competitively low. Nonbuilding starts were down 15% in 2020, then added 8% in 2021. I have been reading your updates for a few months now. Will building materials prices drop in 2022 guide, Online property construction advice, London builder merchant costs. It shows up in this following plot, the volume of work Put-In-Place per job. Lumber and plywood rose 21.1 percent. Therefore, transaction reported dates are when the agent submits the sale to their local board. Basic Statistic Value of U.S. wholesale lumber and construction material inventories 1992-2010; Producer Price Index (PPI) for Construction Inputs is an example of a commonly referenced construction cost index that does not represent whole building costs. While the pandemic was treacherous for contractors, this next early stage of recovery can be as well. Construction AnalyticsConstruction Inflation IndexTablesfor indices related to Nonbuilding Infrastructure work and for many more links to sources. The report noted that Perth is undergoing a significant infrastructure pipeline, with previous border closures and competition from the mining sector constraining labour supply in the state while driving wage increases. When spending increases less than the rate of inflation, the real work volume is declining. Lumber prices dropped more than 6% to $829 per 1,000 board feet this week, the lowest of the year, Insider reports. It remains possible for firms to grow organically and on their own, although that is always going to involve more risk. Indeed, when it comes to the 2022 housing market, the outlooks are all over the place. Many others report the average inflation for all 12 months. Nonresidential buildings spending fell 4.4% in 2021. According to the organizations latest Construction Inflation Alert, Unprecedented increases in materials costs, supply-chain disruptions, and an increasingly tight labor market have made life difficult for contractors and project owners alike. Ed, Read Also: Traveling Construction Jobs No Experience. New construction materials New materials can be engineered to have specific properties which help reduce construction costs. I am trying to determine If I should borrow the funds today and purchase materials and contract for the work now at a 4% rate of interest or contribute to a reserve that will achieve the necessary funds over the next 9 years (for mandated work)? 10 Jan 2022. edit 8-12-22 Much more information from a number of reliable sources is now available regarding recent inflation. Spending for 2021 was up 8%, but after adjusting for inflation, real volume after inflation was down. Chris Sleight discusses the outlook for the construction business in 2022, globally and in North America specifically. However, the average inflation for six years from 2013 to 2018 was 5.2%. So with interest rates rising at . Residential business volume dropped 9% from the March 2020 peak to the May bottom, but then by December recovered 16% to hit a post Great Recession high, 11% above Dec 2019. It is the (19 page) report linked to this article. Copper. Also the average final demand increase cost for residential is up 16% and final demand cost for nonresidential bldgs is up 4.8% in the 1st quarter. Most of the spending from those lost starts would have taken place in 2021. For February it would be 16% increase? Both of these areas are being affected by supply chain bottlenecks, transportation issues, component shortages and rising fuel costs, all of which have been well documented in publications and news cycles. These issues are all present now and all work to increase inflation. At this point, experts predict it is entirely possible lumber prices will be far higher this coming spring and summer than they are right now. Construction Volume drives jobs demand. After accounting for -0.3% deflation, volume increased 0.4%. If demand persists, large producers will continue the practice of introducing quotas for various groups of construction products.
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